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  • What is NFO? Features, Types, & How to Invest in It

    What is NFO? Features, Types, & How to Invest in It

    In the stock market, there are lots of investing opportunities for different participants, whether traders or investors. Investment options such as stocks, ETFs, mutual funds, etc. However, what would happen if a brand-new fund enters the market with no prior performance history? It is known as the “New Fund Offer,” or NFO.

    In this blog, we will deep dive into the NFO, along with the benefits and risks of investing in it.

    What is NFO (New Fund Offer)?

    Asset Management Companies (AMCs) come up with NFOs, or new fund offerings, as an investment product. The process by which AMCs offer a new mutual fund for subscription to the general public is called an NFO. The NFOs offer investors a chance to invest in emerging trends or themes such as Green Energy, AI, Electric Vehicles, etc.

    Further, when new indices are launched by exchanges like NSE and BSE in India, and there is significant demand for them by investors, AMCs often introduce NFOs for such indices as a passive investment option.

    The aim of the AMCs in initiating the NFO is to procure funds and allocate them to buy the securities of the underlying fund. Investors may subscribe to it during the NFO period, or in the case of open-ended schemes, they can invest in the fund later as well once the allotment is done.

    Features of NFO

    1. The NFO is opened for a specific period in which investors can subscribe.
    2. Most of the NFOs are initially offered for INR 10.
    3. An offer document that contains information on the fund manager’s strategy, investment goal, risk, and other details is attached to NFOs.
    4. NFOs offer you an opportunity to invest in a new theme or indices, which might not be available in the market.

    Read Also: NFO Alert: PGIM India Large & Mid Cap Fund

    Types of NFOs

    Types of NFOs

    There are various types of NFOs-

    1. Based on Structure

    Generally, there are 3 types of NFO based on the structure:

    • Open-Ended Fund: These funds allow you the flexibility to invest and withdraw from the fund at any point in time.
    • Close-Ended Fund: An investor can invest during the NFO period, but cannot exit until the lock-in period is over, but they have the option to exit from the fund by selling it in a secondary market.
    • Interval Funds: These funds have all the features of a close-ended fund, but an investor can exit from this fund during the exit interval provided by the scheme.

    2. Based on Asset Classes

    There are 3 different types of NFO based on asset class-

    • Equity Fund: In an equity-oriented mutual fund, a predominant part of your capital is invested into equity and equity-related instruments.
    • Debt Fund: The NFOs of debt funds invest in fixed-income securities, which include bonds, government securities, debentures, etc.
    • Hybrid Fund: These NFOs invest in a combination of both equity and debt asset classes, providing you with a combination of both stability and growth in your portfolio.

    Did you know?

    As per SEBI, for open-ended schemes (except ELSS), the NFO should be open for 15 days.

    Advantages of Investing in NFO

    1. NFOs allow you to invest in emerging sectors or new themes of the economy such as green energy, AI, ESG, etc.
    2. Certain NFOs provide an excellent opportunity for diversification in the investment portfolio.
    3. Generally, units of NFOs are offered at a fixed price of INR 10 per unit, which makes them accessible to a diverse set of investors.
    4. NFOs are managed by an experienced fund manager who invests the proceeds of the fund as per the investment objective defined by the scheme.

    Disadvantages of Investing in NFO

    1. Since NFOs lack a track record, it can be challenging for investors to compare the performance of the schemes.
    2. In NFOs, there is no assurance that the fund manager will perform well.
    3. Most of the thematic NFOs generally have a higher expense ratio as compared to existing funds.
    4. As per the trend, AMCs often launch NFOs during a bull market phase. However, if the market is at its peak during the NFO launch, these unfavorable conditions can negatively impact future returns of the fund.

    Key points before investing in NFOs

    Key points before investing in NFOs
    1. AMC Reputation: It’s crucial to consider the reputation of the Asset Management Company; an established fund house typically offers greater security and stability.
    2. Cost: Always check the total expense ratio (TER) of the NFOs before investment. The TER of the NFO should not be very high, as this may erode your returns over time.
    3. Sectoral NFO: If the NFO is investing in a particular sector or theme, one must analyze the growth prospects of that particular sector before making any investment.
    4. Flexibility: One must check if the fund is open-ended or close-ended, as close-ended funds do not provide liquidity.
    5. Investment Goal: As a prudent investor, one should invest in NFOs only if the investment objective and risk profile are aligned with the NFO.

    How to invest in NFO

    There are multiple ways to participate in the NFOs, whether online or offline. There is a direct way to invest by visiting the office or website of the AMC offering NFOs. Further, various investment platforms and stock brokers in India provide the facility of participating in the NFOs.

    What happens after the NFO period

    What happens after the NFO period

    Within five working days of the NFO period, the units are allocated to the investors by the Asset Management Company (AMC).

    If the fund is open-ended, the AMC will permit investors to make regular contributions and withdrawals from the fund once the allotment of NFO is done. However, if the fund is close-ended, investors cannot sell the units before the lock-in period. However, they have an option to sell the units of fund in the secondary market if there is enough liquidity.

    Read Also: Bandhan Long Duration Fund NFO: Objective, Benefits, Risks, and Suitability Explained

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, NFOs present new investment opportunities offered by asset management companies, allowing investors to invest in indices or themes not currently provided by the existing mutual funds.

    However, the lack of a historical track record makes it challenging for investors to compare the performance. Additionally, AMCs often launch NFOs in a bull market with investment objectives similar to existing options in the market. Therefore, it is crucial to consult with your financial advisor and consider all the associated risks before investing in an NFO.

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    5Debt Mutual Funds: Meaning, Types and Features

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

    1. Is NFO good for investment?

      Investors with a high tolerance for risk can invest in NFOs; or investors can wait for a while to assess the fund’s performance, compare it to other funds in the same category, and then decide whether to invest.

    2. Can I withdraw my money during the NFO period?

      No, withdrawals are not permitted during the NFO open period. However, investors can sell their investment once allotment is done.

    3. What are the risks involved while investing in NFO?

      Investing in New Fund Offerings (NFOs) entails various risks due to their lack of performance history.

    4. How can I invest in NFOs?

      There are multiple options to invest in NFOs. One can visit the AMC website and use their online platform or can apply via stock brokers as well.

    5. Is NFO better than existing mutual funds?

      Since NFOs do not have an established track record of performance, it is challenging to compare them to existing mutual funds.

  • What is a Covered Put Strategy?

    What is a Covered Put Strategy?

    Covered Put strategy could help you earn some extra income in a range-bound market with a slightly bearish outlook; let’s find out how.

    As an investor, you use this technique when you think the price of a stock or index will stay in a narrow range, fall slightly, or volatility will fall. The Covered Put approach is used to benefit from a neutral to bearish outlook of the markets. In the Covered Put writing strategy, investors sell a stock or short the index and also sell a put on the stock or index. In today’s blog, we will further explore its payoff scenarios with an example and its advantages and disadvantages.

    What is the Covered Put Strategy?

    The Covered Put is a neutral to bearish market view and expects the price of the underlying to remain in a range or go down slightly. The investor simultaneously sells a put and the stock. When the option is out-the-money, the investor keeps the premium. As the investor shorted the stock in the first place, the investor is protected from downside movements. The investor keeps the premium if the stock price does not change. In a neutral market, he can use this method to generate income. The risk is unlimited (if the security’s price increases significantly), while the reward is limited in this strategy.

    The Put that is sold is usually an out-of-the-money put. Shorting a stock indicates that the investor is bearish on it, but is willing to purchase it back once the price reaches a target price. This is the price at which the investor sells the Put  (Put strike price). If a put is sold, it means that if it is exercised, the stock will be purchased at the strike price. 

    When to use Covered Put?

    The Covered Put works well when the market is moderately Bearish. Employ this strategy when you are expecting a moderate drop in the price and volatility of the underlying.

    Covered Put Strategy Payoff Scenarios

    Covered Put Strategy Payoff Scenarios

    Covered Put strategy has the following payoff scenarios:

    Break Even Point = Sale Price of stock + Premium Received 

    Maximum Profit = Sale Price of stock – Strike Price + Premium Received 

    (The maximum profit is limited to the premiums received and downward movement until the strike price of the put. The position remains profitable unless the short position in security doesn’t exceed the premium received.)

    Maximum Loss = Unlimited

    (The maximum loss is Unlimited as the price of the underlying can theoretically go up to any extent.)

    Example

    Example of Covered Put Strategy

    Let’s take a simple example of a stock called Coal India trading at Rs 460 (spot price) in June. The option contracts for this stock are available at the premium of:

    July 450 Put : Rs 20        

    Lot size : 100 shares in 1 lot    

    Sell 100 Shares : 100*460 = Rs 46000 Received

    Sell July 450 Put : 100*20 = Rs 2000 Received

    Now, let’s discuss the possible scenarios:

    Scenario 1: Stock price remains unchanged at Rs 460

    Buy 100 Shares : 100*460 = Rs 46000 (no profit or loss)

    Short July 450 Put : Expires worthless

    Net Credit was Rs 48000 initially received to take the position.

    Total Profit : 48000 – 46000 = Rs 2000.

    The total profit of Rs 2000 is also the maximum profit in this strategy. This is the amount you received as a premium at the time you entered the trade.

    Scenario 2: Stock price goes to Rs 550

    Buy 100 Shares at Rs 550, sold initially at 460 : (460*100) – (550*100) = –  Rs 9000

    Short July 450 Put : Expires worthless

    Total Loss = – 9000 + 2000 (Premium Received) = – Rs 7000

    In this scenario, Rs 9000 is the loss made from shares shorted. The net loss made in this transaction is Rs 7000.

    Scenario 3: Stock price goes down to Rs 400

    Buy 100 Shares at Rs 400, sold initially at Rs 460: (460*100) – (400*100) = Rs 6000

    Short July 450 Put : Expires in-the-money (400-450)*100= – Rs 5000

    Total Profit = 6000 – 5000 + 2000 (Premium Received) = Rs 3000

    In this scenario, Rs 6000 is the profit earned from shares shorted. At the same time, we lost Rs 5000 in July 450 Put. The net profit earned is a Rs 2000 premium received at the beginning and Rs 1000 from the short position.

    Read Also: What is Covered Call?

    Advantages of Covered Put

    • Benefits from decreasing volatility : Covered Put works best when volatility decreases.
    • Time decay benefits in Covered Put : Covered Put benefits from the passage of time.
    • Income-generating strategy in a sideways market : A covered put strategy is used if an investor is moderately bearish and plans to hold a short position for an extended length of time. The covered put will help generate income during the holding period. 
    • Use it as a hedge : It is used to hedge a short position. If an investor holds a short position, they can use a covered put strategy to limit their downside risk. By selling a put option, they can offset some of the potential losses from their short position in the security.

    Disadvantages of Covered Put

    • Limited Profit Potential : Covered Puts have defined maximum profits.
    • Undefined Risk Strategy : In this strategy, maximum loss is unlimited.  
    • Require a higher margin : To short an option higher margin is required.
    • Assignment risk : It exists when an investor writes an option. An early assignment occurs when a trader is forced to buy or sell stock when the short option is exercised by the long option holder. In Short put assignment the option seller must buy shares of the underlying stock at the strike price much before the time period strategy requires to become profitable.
    • Expiration risk exists in a covered put strategy : A big rise in the stock price, not only near expiration, is always a threat to this strategy.
    • Futures should be used for shorting as there are limitations on shorting stocks.

    Conclusion

    Covered Put is used when you are mildly bearish on the market. This strategy involves selling an OTM Put Option along with selling the underlying. Ideally, this strategy is well executed using stock futures due to limitation of shorting stocks by exchanges. Only intraday shorting of shares is allowed. As you are moderately bearish, you won’t mind buying back the underlying (obligation to buy under Put Option) if the price goes down to the strike price. At the same time, you will make gains on your short position on the underlying as the price goes down and also on the amount of premium received on a Put Option. When using a covered put strategy, maximum loss is unlimited as stock prices can rise significantly and maximum gains are limited. Covered Puts have pros and cons, an investor should understand every aspect of it before deciding to take a position.

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

    1.  What is a Covered Put trading strategy?

      Short stock + Sell OTM stock Put Options

    2. Is Covered Put Safe?

      Though it is a basic option strategy, the maximum loss is unlimited in it, so it’s not for beginners as some knowledge and experience are required in it.

    3. Is Risk involved in this strategy?

      Yes, unlimited risk is involved in this derivative strategy.

    4. Is the Covered Put different from the Protective Put?

      Yes, the Protective put strategy has a long position in stock and a long position in put to protect from any downside. An investor buys puts, so the loss is limited to just the premium, while profit is unlimited on the bullish side due to a long position in the stock.

    5. When to write a Covered Put?

      When the trader is neutral or slightly bearish in the market.

  • Listed AC Manufacturing Companies in India

    Listed AC Manufacturing Companies in India

    Summers are around the corner, hotter than ever, and nowadays you cannot sit without an air conditioner, but have you ever thought of making profits in this summer season while enjoying your soft drinks? Yes, you can achieve this by investing in a listed AC manufacturing company in India with a strong market presence.

    In this blog post, we’ll provide you with all the information you need about India’s top five air conditioner manufacturers.

    What are Air Conditioner Stocks?

    AC manufacturing firms are those that design, develop, and manufacture commercial air conditioners, room air conditioners, and other cooling equipment. Suppliers of AC unit parts, such as compressors and condensers, are also included in this industry. Additionally, some businesses distribute air conditioners and sell the units to merchants. 

    List of Best AC Stocks in India

    1. Voltas Ltd.
    2. Blue Star Ltd.
    3. Amber Enterprises India Ltd.
    4. Johnson Controls
    5. EPACK Durable Ltd.

    Explore the top air conditioner stocks in India with this comprehensive list of the best-performing AC companies to invest in for steady growth.

    Overview of Best AC Stocks in India

    1. Voltas Limited 

    In 1954, the company was established in partnership with Volkart Brothers and became a member of the Tata Group. The company’s name comes from the union of its two original names, Volkart’s “Vol” and Tata Sons’ “Tas.” The company started off selling air conditioners, but later on, they added air coolers, water dispensers, and commercial refrigeration to their line of products. To manufacture household appliances, the company recently partnered with the Ardutch, which is controlled by the Koc Group which makes the Beko brand of appliances, and started manufacturing appliances under the name of “Voltas Beko”. The Ministry of Finance awarded the company “The Most Energy Efficient Appliance of the Year in Air Conditioners” in 2021. The company’s headquarters are located in Mumbai.

    Know the Returns:

    1Y Return (%)3Y Return (%)5Y Return (%)
    -9.58%72.74%39.36%
     (As of 27 January 2026)

    2. Blue Star Limited

    In 1943, Blue Star Limited was established by Mohan T. Advani. The company’s first concentration is on air conditioner and refrigerator repair and reconditioning. The company worked along with a US-based company to manufacture air conditioners. The company employs 765 service associates and has 5000 stores and has presence in 18 countries. The company owns and operates manufacturing plants in Dadra, Kala Amb,Wada and Ahmedabad. The company’s headquarters are located in Mumbai. 

    Know the Returns:

    1Y Return (%)3Y Return (%)5Y Return (%)
    -5.90%171.02%343.74%
     (As of 27 January 2026)

    3. Amber Enterprises India Ltd. 

    The company was founded in 1990, and its main office was located in Gurugram, Haryana. In 2004, they also began producing room air conditioners and sheet metal components. The business was listed on a stock exchange in 2018. They employ more than five thousand people. To support the strategic expansion of their business, they have completed several well-considered acquisitions, including those of PICL India Pvt. Ltd. and IL JIN Electronics India Pvt. Ltd. 

    Know the Returns:

    1Y Return (%)3Y Return (%)5Y Return (%)
    -21.41%167.77%116.93%
     (As of 27 January 2026)

    4. Johnsons Control India

    The company is a part of Johnson Controls International PLC. The company offers a range of products, including heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. The business set up a shop in India in 1995 and bought HVAC automation equipment for the populace there. In an attempt to broaden its product line in India, the business merged with Tyco International, a firm that offers fire safety and security solutions. 

    Know the Returns:

    1Y Return (%)3Y Return (%)5Y Return (%)
    55.00%-16.15%-19.02%
     (As of 27 January 2026)

    5. EPACK Durable Limited

    This Indian business produces a broad variety of long-lasting consumer goods. It was established as “EPACK Durable Solutions Private Limited” as a private company. The company started to expand its line of products to include consumer durables like refrigerators, air conditioners, and other household appliances. The business changed its name to “EPACK Durable Limited”, a public limited company in June 2023. The company is acknowledged as India’s second-largest manufacturer of original room air conditioner designs.

    Know the Returns:

    1Y Return (%)3Y Return (%)5Y Return (%)
    -50.05%5.54%5.54%
     (As of 27 January 2026)

    Read Also: List of Best Tobacco Stocks in India 

    Comparative Study of AC Companies Stocks

    Market Capitalization

    CompanyShare Prices (In INR)Market Capitalization (In crores)52 Week High Price(In INR52-Week Low Price(In INR
    Voltas Ltd.1,31443,472 1,531 1,135
    Blue Star Ltd.1,69034,757 2,270 1,521
    Amber Enterprises India Ltd.5,42419,077 8,626 5,235
    Johnson Controls1,7624,7922,6211,109
    EPACK Durable Ltd.2342,248 484 229
     (As of 27 January 2026)

    Income Statement Comparison (FY 2024)

    CompanyTotal SalesTotal ExpensesNet Profit
    Voltas Ltd.12,48112,054386
    Blue Star Ltd.9,6859,118413
    Amber Enterprises India Ltd.6,7296,423141
    Johnson Controls1,9182,011-75
    EPACK Durable Ltd.1,4191,33836
    (The above-mentioned figures are in crores unless stated otherwise)
    Income Statement of Top AC Stocks in India

    According to the above statistics, Voltas Ltd.. reported the greatest profit of INR 414.31 crores and had the highest sales of INR 12734 crores.

    Balance Sheet Comparison (FY 2024)

    CompanyTotal AssetInventoryTotal Shareholder FundsCurrent Liabilities
    Voltas Ltd.12,0352,1355,8205,756
    Blue Star Ltd.6,6181,4072,6093,879
    Amber Enterprises India Ltd.6,5938402,0633,285
    Johnson Controls1,657656582968
    EPACK Durable Ltd.1,767378891752
    (The above-mentioned figures are in crores unless stated otherwise)
    Financial Statement Analysis of Top AC Stocks in India

    According to the above table, EPACK Durable has the least amount of assets, while Voltas has the most. 

    Cash Flow Statement Comparison (FY 2024)

    MetricVoltas Ltd.Blue Star Ltd.Amber Enterprises India Ltd.Johnson ControlsEPACK Durable Ltd.
    Cash Flow from Operating Activities761289964254256
    Cash flow from Investing Activities(522)(524)(1034)(32)(376)
    Cash flow from Financing Activities(116)364(121)(172)166
    (The above-mentioned figures are in crores unless stated otherwise)

    Among the above-mentioned companies, all companies have negative cash flows from investing activities, whereas only Blue Star and EPACK durables have positive cash flows from financing activities.

    Key Performance Indicators

    ParticularVoltas Ltd.Blue Star Ltd.Amber Enterprises India Ltd.Johnson ControlsEPACK Durable Ltd.
    Net Profit Margin (%)  6.23  4.952.81    -3.942.67
    ROCE (%)19.3124.8215.72    -8.0512.62
    Current Ratio (x)  1.481.281.02    1.201.04
    P/E (x)57.3674.28100.14  -34.3264.13
    P/B (x)  7.4114.3310.67    4.443.71
    (Source – Company Financial Reports 2025)

    Of the companies listed above, Blue Star has the highest ROCE while Johnson Controls has a negative ROCE.

    Read Also: Top 10 Most Expensive Stocks in India

    Reasons to Invest in Air Conditioning Stocks

    1. Due to hot climatic conditions, the demand for air conditioners will be on the higher side, resulting in higher revenues and profits. AC stocks can be considered as a good investment opportunity.
    2. The introduction of innovative technologies such as inverter ACs or energy-efficient ACs creates an opportunity for companies to introduce new products to the market and increase their revenue.

    The Risk Associated with AC Stocks

    The risks associated with investing in AC company stocks are as follows- 

    1. Due to intense competition between various players in the industry can lead to price competition and lower profit margins.
    2. If the disposable income of the people decreases due to economic conditions, the demand for such products will be affected negatively.
    3. The sales of AC are seasonal, which will lead to fluctuation in the stock prices, hence not suitable for investors who are looking for long-term gains.

    Future of AC Stocks in India

    India’s need for air conditioners is predicted to rise as a result of rising disposable income and urbanization. Additionally, as a result of the rising temperatures, more people are eager to get air conditioners, which will boost business revenue. Numerous other variables, including government programs and energy efficiency legislation, also have an impact on this sector’s growth. As a result of the increasing popularity of energy-efficient and creative technologies like inverter air conditioners, companies can increase the manufacturing of these kinds of products. 

    Read Also: List of Best Chemical Stocks in India

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, urbanization, temperature rise, and rise in disposable income present growth opportunities for investing in AC stocks. However, there are several other elements you should take into account before investing, including the company’s finances, product innovation, general economic conditions, etc., all of which could have an impact on the performance of the firm. Therefore, before making any investing decisions, it is advisable to take all of these issues into account and consult with your financial advisor.

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    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

    1. Which is the largest AC company in India?

      Based on market capitalization and market share, Voltas is the biggest AC company. Its market capitalization is about 49133 crores, and its market share is approximately 35%.

    2. What are some of the biggest air conditioner stocks in India?

      Some of the leading air conditioner stocks include Voltas Ltd., Blue Star Ltd., Amber Enterprises India Ltd, and Johnson Controls Ltd.

    3. How can I invest in air conditioner stocks?

      You can invest in air conditioner stocks by choosing a brokerage firm and opening a demat account with them.

    4. What factors should I consider before investing in air conditioner stock?

      There are various factors, such as economic conditions, seasonal demand, financials of the company, its market share etc.

    5. Should I invest in air conditioner stocks?

      The growth of air conditioner companies depends on the climatic conditions in a region or country; as in India, the temperature is rising continuously, and along with this, disposable income is also increasing. One can consider investing in these stocks after consulting their investment advisor.

  • ICICI Vs HDFC Bank: Which Has Larger Market Capitalization?

    ICICI Vs HDFC Bank: Which Has Larger Market Capitalization?

    You save a lot of money and put in a lot of work, but you need help determining where to keep it. It is only possible to retain some of your hard-earned savings at home; opening a bank account is your only option. You might be surprised to hear that banks where you have accounts allow you to invest in their business.

    If you’re wondering “ICICI or HDFC, which is better” for your investment and banking needs. This blog post will compare ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank. 

    ICICI Bank Overview

    ICICI Bank is among the biggest banks in India’s private sector. The government of India established the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) on 5 January 1955. As a division of ICICI Limited, ICICI Bank was founded in 1994. It made history by being the first Indian bank and firm to list on the New York Stock Exchange. ICICI and ICICI Bank combined to form a new financial organization to increase business efficiency. Following accusations against Chanda Kochhar, the managing director of ICICI Bank, in 2018 about inappropriate lending practices, Sandeep Bakhshi assumed the role of managing director. It was the first bank to provide contactless credit and debit cards. 

    HDFC Bank Overview

    With its headquarters in Mumbai, HDFC Bank was established in 1994 as a subsidiary of HDFC Ltd. The Reserve Bank of India granted it a banking license in January 1995. In November 1995, the bank launched its Initial Public Offering (IPO) and became a listed company on the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange. In 2000, the Times Bank merged with HDFC Bank. HDFC Bank acquired Centurion Bank of Punjab to increase its branch network and clientele. Aditya Puri was replaced as the bank’s CEO by Sashidhar Jagdishan.

    Read Also: Axis Bank vs ICICI Bank

    HDFC and ICICI Bank Comparative Study

    ParticularICICI BankHDFC Bank
    Current Share Price1,199.61,683.8
    Market Capitalization (Crores)8,44,06112,81,055
    52 Week High Price1,2351,757.5
    52-Week Low Price8991,363.55
    FIIs Holdings (%)44.7747.83
    DIIs Holdings (%)45.6233.59
    Book Value per Share383.78596.39
    PE Ratio (x)18.6320

    The table above indicates that HDFC Bank has a higher market capitalization than ICICI Bank and that FIIs own a larger interest in it. In contrast, DIIs own just 33.59% of HDFC Bank and 45.62% of ICICI Bank. 

    Read Also: HDFC Bank vs Axis Bank

    HDFC and ICICI Bank Financial Statements Comparison

    Income Statement Comparison (FY 2024)

    ParticularICICI BankHDFC Bank
    ParticularICICI BankHDFC Bank
    Interest Income1,59,515.922,83,649.02
    Total Income2,36,037.724,07,994.77
    Total Expenditure1,71,890.953,06,407.89
    Net Profit44,256.3764,062.04
    (The figures mentioned above are in INR crores unless stated otherwise)
    Income Statment comparision of ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank

    According to the above income statement, HDFC Bank has a larger interest income than ICICI Bank. It also reported a profit in the most recent fiscal year (2024) of 64062.04 crores, 44% more than ICICI Bank. 

    Balance Sheet Comparison

    ParticularICICI BankHDFC Bank
    ParticularICICI BankHDFC Bank
    Deposits14,43,579.9523,76,887.28
    Total Capital & Liabilities23,64,063.0340,30,194.26
    Advances12,60,776.2025,65,891.41
    (The figures mentioned above are in INR crores unless stated otherwise)
    Balance Sheet comparision of ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank

    The statistics above indicate that HDFC Bank outperforms ICICI Bank regarding deposits and advances. 

    Cash Flow Statement Comparison

    ParticularICICI BankHDFC Bank
    Cash Flow from Operating Activities1,57,284.4819,069.34
    Cash Flow from Investing Activities(1,45,931.09)5,313.77
    Cash Flow from Financing Activities13,764.51(3,983.06)
    (The figures mentioned above are in INR crores unless stated otherwise)
    Cash Flow Statement comparision of ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank

    HDFC and ICICI Bank Key Performance Indicators

    ParticularICICI BankHDFC Bank
    Net Interest Margin (%)3.613.21
    Net Profit Margin (%)28.2123.07
    ROCE (%)3.332.85
    Capital Adequacy Ratios (%)16.3318.80

    From the preceding table, we may infer that ICICI Bank has a bigger net profit margin than HDFC Bank and a higher net interest margin.  

    Read Also: HDFC vs SBI

    Conclusion

    The comparison of India’s biggest private sector banks presented above leads us to conclude that while HDFC Bank has more revenue and profits overall, ICICI Bank posts higher profit margins even with less revenue. Although every bank has something special to offer, we always advise speaking with an investment expert before making investment decisions. 

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     Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

    1. ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank, which has the larger market capitalization?

      Compared to ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank has a larger market capitalization.

    2. After Chanda Kochhar, who becomes the MD of ICICI Bank?

      After Chanda Kochhar left ICICI Bank, Sandeep Bakshi became the MD.

    3. Which bank is more profitable than HDFC Bank or ICICI Bank?

      ICICI Bank’s net profit margin is higher than that of HDFC Bank, even though HDFC Bank reported a profit of 64,062 crores, 19,806 crores more than that of ICICI Bank.

    4. Which person oversees HDFC Bank as managing director?

      The managing director of HDFC Bank at the moment is Mr Sashidhar Jagdishan.

    5. In India, which private bank has the largest market capitalization?

      HDFC Bank has the largest market capitalization of all the private banks in India.

  • What Is Head And Shoulders Pattern In Stock Trading?

    What Is Head And Shoulders Pattern In Stock Trading?

    The Head & Shoulders pattern is one of the best patterns in technical analysis, which gives higher statistical accuracy. A higher accuracy results in consistent profitability. Want to master the Head & Shoulders Pattern? Let’s dig deeper.

    The Head & Shoulders pattern appears on a chart as three peaks. One peak in the middle is slightly higher than the two peaks on either side. These three peaks form a “Head” and two “Shoulders”, one on the left and one on the right. The Inverse Head & Shoulders pattern features one big trough in the middle, slightly lower than the two troughs on either side. These chart patterns can be useful indicators of a major trend reversal but are among the easiest to misread.

    The pattern can also have more than one left or right shoulder or head, known as a Multiple Head and Shoulders pattern. One type of complex pattern is called a Wyckoff distribution, which usually has a head with two left shoulders and a weaker right shoulder. 

    How to Identify Head and Shoulder Pattern?

    To detect a head and shoulders pattern, first understand how they’re created:

    • The left shoulder forms when there is temporary buying momentum.
    • The head forms when enthusiasm peaks and then declines to a point near the stock’s previous low.
    • The right shoulder forms as the stock price rallies again but fails to reach its previous high before falling again.
    • The neckline is formed by drawing a line underneath the points established before and after the head. When the stock’s price dips below the neckline, it’s usually a strong indication that the pattern has been broken, and it may be time to sell a position or create a short position.

    Read Also: Falling Wedge Pattern: Meaning & Trading Features

    Types of Head & Shoulders Pattern

    There are two types of Head & Shoulders patterns. The first one is classic, where if the neckline is broken, we can get a sell target, and the second one is Inverse Head & Shoulders, which confirms the downtrend is over and the starting of an uptrend when a breakout above the neckline occurs.

    1. Head & Shoulders Pattern: This happens when prices cannot surpass the previous swing high (the head) and form a lower high (the right shoulder). Once the neckline is broken, a sell signal is triggered with a target similar to the height of the head.
    Head & Shoulders Pattern
    1. Inverse Head & Shoulders Pattern: This happens when prices cannot surpass the previous swing low (the head) and form the higher low (the right shoulder) instead. Once the neckline is broken, a buy signal is triggered with a target similar to the height of the head.
    Inverse Head & Shoulders Pattern

    Confirmation Metric for Head & Shoulders Pattern

    Even when the stock price breaches the neckline, the trader needs confirmation of the trend. Two factors must be considered to confirm the trend:

    1. Volume: With a Head & Shoulders pattern, you’ll typically see trading volume drop as the price moves toward the head and then again when it rebounds to form the right shoulder, indicating declining investor enthusiasm. A spike in volume when the price moves below the neckline suggests selling pressure will continue to build. If neither of these volume signals is in play, the decline may be short-lived, though there are no guarantees.
    2. Time frame: The uptrend heading into the pattern should be at least twice as long as the distance between the shoulders. This confirms that any trend reversal will be significant enough to trade.

    Stop Loss & Target 

    Stop Loss: Stop loss should be just above the right shoulder.

    Target: The target should be calculated following the below steps:

    1. Measure the vertical between the head and the neckline.
    2. Identify the breakout point where the price first breaks the neckline after the right shoulder formation and add that distance to the breakout price.

    Advantages of Head and Shoulders Pattern

    • Easy to understand.
    • It works in any market, e.g., equity, currency, or commodity markets.
    • It works in any time frame; a bigger time frame means a strong trend reversal is expected.
    • This pattern provides a complete setup for stop loss and target.
    • Various studies show this pattern gives an 80-85% accuracy.

    Disadvantages of Head and Shoulders Pattern

    • Identification of patterns can be subjective, and sometimes complex patterns with multiple tops or bottoms appear, which are far from the ideal pattern.
    • The shape of the pattern could be different from the bookish ideal pattern.

    Example: 1

    Head & Shoulders example of Bajaj Finance Ltd. 

    Head & Shoulders example of Bajaj Finance Ltd. 

    The above image features a daily chart of Bajaj Finance Ltd. It made a peak of the left shoulder on the daily chart on 23 September 2021 and completed the Head & Shoulders pattern on 18 November 2021. It fell below the neckline on 22 November 2021 and started trending downwards.

    Example: 2

    Inverse Head & Shoulders example of Antony Waste HDG Cell Ltd :

    Inverse Head & Shoulders example of Antony Waste HDG Cell Ltd

    The above image features a daily chart of Antony Waste; the stock was in a downturn for some time, and then an Inverse Head & Shoulders pattern was made. The stock bounced back and broke the neckline. In this pattern, the target zone is marked as the length of the head. Stop loss should be just below the right shoulder bottom. 

    Read Also: Measured Move – Bullish Chart Pattern

    Conclusion

    Technical analysts use the Head and Shoulders pattern due to their reliability. The Head & Shoulders pattern appears with three peaks; the outside two are similar in height, and the middle is the highest peak. The Inverse Head & Shoulders pattern appears with three troughs; the outside two are similar in height, and the middle is the lowest through. The peaks or troughs on each end are called the left and right shoulders and the one in the middle is called the head. It is a trend reversal pattern, and if identified on time, it can give a great success rate.

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

    1. In which market does this pattern work?

      It works in any market on any timeframe.

    2. What is the success rate of a Head and Shoulders pattern?

      The Head and Shoulders pattern is quite accurate, with a success rate of 80-85%.

    3. Is the Inverse Head and Shoulders bullish signal?

      It appears in the downturn and generates a bullish signal once the price goes above the neckline.

    4. Is it easy to identify the Head and Shoulders pattern?

      Yes, it is easy to identify as there are three peaks, and a line connecting them is called a neckline; once the neckline is broken, it is a sign to initiate a short position.

  • National Pension System (NPS): Should You Invest?

    National Pension System (NPS): Should You Invest?

    The National Pension System, or NPS, is an effort of the Indian government that aims to give Indian citizens retirement benefits. It encourages people to invest regularly during their working term for retirement.

    Earlier, it was called the National Pension Scheme. In this scheme, you invest a lumpsum or fixed amount of money every month. Then, at your retirement, you can withdraw up to 60% of the accumulated amount, and the rest 40% you will receive in monthly payments. However, if the accumulated amount is equal to or less than INR 5 lakh, then the depositor can withdraw the entire amount at the time of retirement.

    What is National Pension Scheme

    NPS is regulated by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA), which comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance, Government of India.

    Under NPS, individual savings are pooled into a pension fund and invested by professional fund managers according to the approved investment guidelines. On behalf of investors, the PFRDA-regulated pension fund managers invest the fund across diversified portfolios, including equity, corporate debt, government bonds, and alternative investments. When subscribers open an NPS, they are issued a unique Permanent Retirement Account Number (PRAN) by a Central Record Keeping Agencies(CRA). The PRAN is mandatory to make contributions to Tier I and Tier II NPS accounts. These are long-term saving options, backed by the Government of India. Though it is a market-based plan, it is safe as it is regulated and cost-effective.

    Features of NPS

    1. The main objective of the NPS is to provide old-age pensions to the citizens of India. Initially, the NPS was solely available to employees of the central government; however, PFRDA opened it up to all Indian citizens.
    2. It is regulated by PFRDA, which the government of India established.
    3. The contribution made by the investor during their work life is invested under different asset classes.
    4. Investment in NPS provides various tax benefits under the Income Tax Act.
    5. Contribution to NPS provides flexibility as an investment can be made every month.

    Types of NPS Accounts

    Types of NPS Accounts

    Under the National Pension Scheme, there are two types of accounts:

    1. Tier 1
    2. Tier 2

      Let’s analyze both of the NPS accounts.

    Tier 1 Account

    A Tier 1 account serves as a primary account with tax advantages. To keep this account operational, an investor must contribute at least INR 1,000 a year.

    Furter, the investments in a tier 1 account are locked until you turn sixty. Partial withdrawals, however, are permissible in certain circumstances, such as life-threatening diseases, etc.

    Tier 2 Account

    It is not mandatory for an individual to register for a Tier 2 account; withdrawals from tier 2 accounts are flexible. However, to open a Tier 2 account, you must first have a Tier 1 account. Although this account offers cheaper account maintenance fees, it does not provide the same tax benefits as a tier 1 account. We will discuss the tax benefits of NPS later in this blog.

    ParticularsTier – 1Tier – 2
    Tax BenefitsAvailableNot available
    Premature WithdrawalNot availableAvailable
    At MaturityInvestors can withdraw up to 60% of the accumulated amount, and the remaining 40% will be received in an annuity plan.Annuity plan is not available in this. Investors can withdraw the entire amount.

    Read Also: What is National Company Law Tribunal?

    The Asset class of NPS

    The amount pooled from the investors under NPS is invested among 4 different asset classes.

    1. Equity – In this, your money is invested in market-linked securities. They are volatile in the short run but generally give higher returns as compared to other asset classes.
    2. Government Securities – Under this, the amount is invested into fixed-income securities issued by the government of India which carry the lowest risk.
    3. Corporate Debt – This asset class carries a moderate amount of risk and invests in securities issued by corporate houses such as bonds, certificate of deposits, etc.
    4. Alternative Investment Fund – Under an AIF, the pooled amount is invested into REITs (Real estate investment trusts, InvITs (Infrastructure investment trusts), and MBS (mortgage-backed securities), etc.

    Choice of Asset class in NPS.

    Investors have two options available to choose between asset classes in NPS

    1. Active Choice – You can create your portfolio through active asset class selection, so if you’re ready to take on more risk and are seeking greater returns, you can choose equity as a major asset class, up to a maximum of 75% until you’re 50 years old.
    2. Auto Choice – It provides you with the ability to automatically allocate your portfolio if you are unfamiliar with the idea of asset classes. Whereby your investment will expand in a less risky asset class as you age.

    Tax Benefits of NPS

    Tax Benefits of NPS

    Investors contributing to the NPS are entitled to receive certain tax deductions. Let’s have a look at it:

    1. Under Section 80CCD(1), subject to a maximum of INR 1.5 lakhs, the employee can avail of a Tax deduction of up to 10% of their pay (Basic + DA).
    2. Tax deduction of up to INR 50,000 under Section 80CCD(1B) for employees; this deduction is over and above the INR 1.5 lakhs deduction under Section 80CCD(1).
    3. Under Section 80CCD(2), the Employer’s contribution towards the Tier -1 NPS account of an employee is eligible for a tax deduction of up to 10% of pay (Basic + DA) or 14% of salary if such a contribution is made by the Central Government.
    4. Self-employed people can claim a tax deduction of up to 20% of gross income under Section 80CCD(1), subject to a total limit of INR 1.5 lakhs under Section 80CCE.

    Pension Funds under NPS

    As of May 2024, there are 11 pension fund managers registered under PFRDA under the Equity Tier 1 category, the names and performance of which are mentioned below:

    Pension FundCAGR
    (3Years)    		CAGR
    (5 Years)    		CAGR
    (Since Inception)
    Aditya Birla Sun Life Pension Management Ltd.17.82%15.96%14.51%
    Axis Pension Fund Management LimitedNANA20.21%
    HDFC Pension Management Co. Ltd.18.14%16.37%15.68%
    ICICI Pru. Pension Fund Mgmt Co. Ltd.19.63%16.70%13.37%
    Kotak Mahindra Pension Fund Ltd.19.08%16.63%12.65%
    LIC Pension Fund Ltd.18.83%15.79%13.89%
    Max Life Pension Fund Management LimitedNANA17.77%
    SBI Pension Funds Pvt. Ltd17.78%15.17%11.70%
    Tata Pension Management Pvt. Ltd.NANA23.19%
    UTI Retirement Solutions Ltd.19.18%15.94%13.18%
    DSP Pension Fund Managers Private LimitedNANA5.55%

    Eligibility for NPS

    There are 4 kinds of eligibility criteria under the NPS model.

    1. All Citizen Model – All Indian citizens, whether they are residents or not, as well as foreign nationals between the ages of 18 and 70, are eligible to subscribe to the NPS under this model. However, individuals of Indian descent and Hindu Undivided Families are not eligible.
    2. Central Government – The central government employees who have joined their services after 1 Jan 2004 except for the armed forces need to mandatorily join NPS.
    3. State Government – Employees of state government and union territories are covered under NPS.
    4. Corporate Model – The corporates established under the Companies Act 2013, cooperative societies, partnership firms, trusts, etc. if registered with PFRDA, then they are eligible to open your NPS account.

    Why is NPS a good retirement choice?

    Why is NPS a good retirement choice?
    • Backed by the Government of India: The NPS is a government savings scheme. NPS is a market-linked investment product specifically focused on retirement solutions and comes with a lock-in of 60 years of an individual’s age.
    • Cost Effective: It is one of the lowest-cost retirement products.
    • Well-regulated and Transparent: NPS is regulated by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA), which protects investors.
    • Risk & Safety: NPS is market-linked and a bit risky, but PFRDA strictly regulates it, so there is almost no chance of malpractice. 
    • Returns: NPS can give up to 9% -12%.
    • Tax Benefits: NPS provides a total tax benefit of up to Rs. 2 lakhs under Section 80C and Section 80CCD.
    • Flexible Investment alternatives: A saving option where individuals can decide the contribution amount and when to contribute.
    • Disciplined Saving Approach: It’s a systematic saving plan to fund retirement expenses, promote financial discipline, and prepare people for retirement.
    • Professional Fund Management: Professional fund managers with sound investing knowledge handle the pooled investments.

    How to Check the Balance in an NPS Account?

    First, a subscriber must go to the CRA website and enter their login information, such as their assigned ID and PRAN number, to access their NPS account. After logging in, go to the holding option under the transact section.

    In addition, the government-launched UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) platform, which makes it easier for you to monitor your NPS contribution.

    Conclusion

    National Pension System or NPS is an option for people who want to plan their retirement and are searching for peace of mind throughout their retirement years by having the security of a regular income governed by government agencies. The ability to invest in NPS every month gives you the freedom to build up a sizeable sum by the time you retire.

    However, as we always advise, before making any investing decisions, research thoroughly and consult with your financial advisor.

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

    1. Do I earn fixed returns on NPS?

      No, returns under NPS are based on market links.

    2. Who Is Not Eligible For NPS?

      Hindu undivided families and persons of Indian origin are not eligible to subscribe to NPS. NPS is an individual pension account and cannot be opened on behalf of a third person.

    3. What is the rate of return of NPS?

      The rate of return in NPS is market-linked. The past trends have been in the range of 9% to 12% per annum.

    4. What is the NPS lock-in period for the Tier I Account?

      The lock-in period is three years for National Pension System (NPS) Tier I Account.

    5. Can I invest in NPS without a job?

      Yes. Individuals who are self-employed or unemployed can invest in NPS. The National Pension System is open for all Indian Citizens who fall between the age bracket of 18 and 70 years of age.

    6. What are the disadvantages of NPS?

      One of the principal negative aspects of the National Pension Scheme (NPS) is the compulsory necessity to use a portion of the corpus to buy an annuity when one retires. It restricts subscriber’s freedom to manage their retirement assets.

    7. Can I change my pension fund manager in NPS?

      Yes, you can change your pension fund manager once in a financial year.

    8. What is a PRAN in NPS?

      PRAN or Permanent Retirement Account Number is a 12-digit number that is allocated to every person enrolled in the NPS.

  • Backtesting Meaning, Types, Working, Advantages and Disadvantages

    Backtesting Meaning, Types, Working, Advantages and Disadvantages

    Imagine a time machine for your trading strategies, allowing you to see how they might have performed in the real market based on historical data. Sounds intriguing? Let’s jump in.

    In today’s blog, we will discuss the basics of backtesting and explore its advantages and limitations.

    What is Backtesting?

    Backtesting is a method that helps investors and analysts to use past data to make better decisions. It is a way to analyze how a trading strategy or model would have performed in the past using historical data. This process helps traders recognize an approach’s strengths, weaknesses, and risks before implementing it.

    Backtesting allows you to assess how a strategy would have performed using historical data without risking real money. Enter your strategy parameters and historical data, like prices and volumes, into a reliable backtesting tool, and the tool simulates the buy and sell decisions of your trading strategy based on the data.

    The results will showcase your strategy’s performance by giving a detailed overview of your profits, losses, and other key metrics. Backtesting results help you gauge the strategy’s usefulness and identify the areas of improvement.

    How Backtesting Works?

    How Backtesting Works?

    Firstly, you should define your strategy. A clearly defined strategy is the blueprint for your trades and can involve fundamental analysis, technical indicators, or a combination of both. Decide the entry and exit points for the trades based on your selected strategy.

    Secondly, collect the historical data. You will likely need the opening & closing price, highs & lows, and volume data of the asset you are interested in.

    It is necessary to ensure that the data collected is correct, up-to-date, and covers various market variables. Reliable data can be sourced from online brokers and financial websites.

    Many backtesting tools are available, from spreadsheets with code to advanced software platforms. Input the data into a backtesting tool, and it then simulates how your strategy would have made buy and sell decisions depending on the data point.

    The backtesting tool will create performance reports for your trading strategy, including metrics like total profit & loss, risk-adjusted returns, win rate, drawdown, etc.

    Need of Backtesting a Strategy

    Need of Backtesting a Strategy

    There are numerous compelling reasons to backtest a trading strategy before using real money, such as:

    Risk Reduction: The financial markets can be unforgiving. Backtesting offers a secure opportunity for practice and improvement, giving the trader an idea of its potential risks and rewards before putting hard-earned money on the line.

    Increased Confidence: Positive results can boost your confidence in your strategy. It gives you a sense of validation and helps you trade with a clearer mind and a more focused approach.

    Performance Optimization: Backtesting lets you try out different parameters in your strategy. You can test multiple entry and exit points, explore different timeframes, and adjust indicators. Analyzing the results allows you to optimize your trading strategy for better performance.

    Types of Backtesting 

    Types of Backtesting 
    • Historical Backtesting: It is the most common type of backtesting where a trading strategy is tested using historical market data to observe how it would have performed in the past.
    • Out-of-Sample Backtesting: In out-of-sample backtesting, you split the data into two parts: training and testing data. The strategy is first tested on the training data, and then its performance is evaluated on the testing data. This form of backtesting provides a more accurate picture of how the strategy might perform in different market scenarios.
    • Walk Forward Analysis: Walk Forward Analysis is the more advanced form of backtesting, where the historical data is divided into multiple segments. Strategy parameters are optimized for every segment, and strategy is then evaluated for the next segment. This process is repeated in a rolling manner. This process helps reduce the overfitting issue and gives you an insight into how the strategy will adapt to changing market dynamics.
    • Monte Carlo Simulation: This technique needs testing the strategy with several random market setups. It helps to evaluate how the strategy might function in different market conditions and unexpected events.

    Advantages

    • Backtesting uses real data to prove if the strategy works. It helps the traders recognize strategies that do not perform well. Backtesting saves time that otherwise would have been wasted on unprofitable approaches.
    • It shows how a strategy performs in market conditions like bull, bear, and sideways markets.
    • The technique allows you to experiment with several settings in your strategy. You can tweak parameters and test various timeframes to find the best fit for your strategy.

    Disadvantages

    • Just because a strategy worked well in the past does not mean it will continue to do so. Markets are dynamic; what worked yesterday might not work in the coming days.
    • The accuracy of data depends heavily on the quality of your historical data. Ensure that the data is reliable and covers relevant timeframes. Any errors or gaps in data can twist the results and cause misleading conclusions.
    • Backtesting does not consider transaction costs such as commissions, spreads, and slippage. These costs can affect the trader’s profit when trading in real life.

    Read Also: What is Quantitative Trading?

    Conclusion

    Backtesting can be a fruitful method for any investor or trader since it helps them to test the waters of a strategy before putting in the real capital, identify its strengths and weaknesses, and refine their approach for better performance. However, remember that backtesting provides a glimpse into the past and does not guarantee the future.

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

    1. Why do we need to backtest our strategies?

      Backtesting helps reduce risk by testing strategy using historical data and judging its profitability before risking real capital.

    2. How can I avoid backtesting pitfalls?

      Use high-quality data, consider transaction costs, and remember that it does not account for emotions.

    3. Which tools can be used for backtesting?

      Beginners can use spreadsheets (using formulas and historical data). Online brokers also offer basic backtesting features within their platforms. Intermediate and advanced traders can use platforms like TradingView, Algo Test, Trading Blox, etc.

    4. Is backtesting a guarantee for success?

      No, but it can help you refine your trading strategies.

    5. What are the key metrics to consider in a backtest report?

      A good backtest report provides total net profit, average win/loss, maximum drawdown, Sharpe ratio, win rate, etc.

  • Dabur Case Study: Business Model and Swot Analysis

    Dabur Case Study: Business Model and Swot Analysis

    Dabur needs no introduction; it is one of India’s most trusted and famous household brands. Dabur is a 140-year-old Ayurvedic company that started operations in 1884 as an Ayurvedic medicines company. From its humble beginnings in the bylanes of Kolkata, Dabur India Ltd. has come a long way to become a consumer goods company with the world’s largest herbal and natural product portfolio.

    In this Dabur case study and swot analysis blog, we will discover the fascinating story of Dabur India, its rich history, key strengths, business models, etc.

    About Dabur India

    Dabur has successfully transformed itself from being a family-run business into a professionally managed enterprise. Dabur India Ltd. is one of India’s leading FMCG companies, with revenues of over Rs. 12,886 crores & market capitalization of over Rs. 106,569 crores. Building on a legacy of quality and experience of over 140 years, Dabur is today India’s most trusted name and the world’s largest Ayurvedic and natural healthcare company.

    About Dabur India

    Dabur India is also a world leader in Ayurveda, with a portfolio of over 250 Ayurvedic products. Dabur’s FMCG portfolio today includes nine distinct power brands in India.

    Product Portfolio of Dabur India

    1. Health Supplements: Dabur Chyawanprash, Dabur Honey, Dabur Glucose
    2. Hair Care: Dabur Amla Hair Oil, Vatika Hair Oil, Almond Hair Oil
    3. Oral Care: Dabur Red Toothpaste, Meswak Toothpaste
    4. Skin & Personal Care: Gulabari Rose Water, Dabur Uveda Skincare
    5. Home Care: Odonil, Odomos, Sanifresh
    6. Food & Beverages: Real Fruit Juices, Hajmola, Lemoneez
    7. Digestives: Hajmola, Pudin Hara, Nature Care Isabgol
    8. Ethical & Ayurvedic Medicines: Various Ayurveda-based formulations

    Dabur Business Model

    Business strategy helps a company focus on immediate challenges and is aligned with its long-term vision.  Dabur’s growth strategy is built on a foundation resting on four key pillars.

    1. Modernising Ayurveda

    By being known as the custodian of Ayurveda, Dabur has stayed true to its rich heritage and 140 years of quality and experience. Today, Dabur is the largest ‘science-based’ Ayurveda company globally. With the core belief in Ayurveda, Dabur has always invested in substantiating the usefulness of Ayurveda and Ayurvedic ingredients by making products through a series of scientific interventions for over a century. Dabur provides a unique platform by offering products that encapsulate the goodness of Ayurveda and are in sync with consumer preferences.

    Dabur will continue focusing on the ‘herbal and natural’ proposition as the core philosophy in India and abroad. In addition, the emphasis on health and wellness is their USP, which makes Dabur a differentiated player in the consumer products market. Hence, they will continue to leverage this as a competitive advantage to increase their market share.

    2. Power Brands

    Brands are strategic assets, as these brands connect with consumers rationally and emotionally and deliver exceptional experiences.

    Nine power brands together account for 70% of their total sales. These include eight brands in India and one in the overseas markets. Most power brands operate in the healthcare space, a category where Dabur has the natural right to win, given its 140-year heritage. The products offered align with the company’s vision of being dedicated to every household’s health and well-being.

    3. Digital Transformation

    Leveraging digital transformation to flare growth and innovation is not a new imperative for Dabur. Dabur is riding high on the digital revolution by pursuing an aggressive e-commerce and digital marketing strategy to tap the growing segment market size of millennials and Gen Z. To target the youth, they run specialized campaigns on various digital platforms and complement these with enhanced and easy availability of products on e-commerce and online marketplaces.

    4. Rural Expansion

    Rural markets in India have grown significantly, and these consumers are now more aware and conscious of their buying decisions and habits. The growing affluence in the hinterland and the deeper penetration of media and smartphones have led to a sizable jump in consumerism for branded consumer goods.

    This market is one of Dabur’s key strategic focus areas. Rural India accounts for nearly 47% of Dabur’s domestic market sales, amongst the highest in the FMCG industry in India. At Dabur, they have been concentrating on increasing their direct reach to villages nationwide to tap into this growing consumer base. They have increased their distribution infrastructure, reaching around 1.3 million outlets and approximately 90,000 villages. 

    5. International Expansion

    Dabur India Ltd. has strategically pursued international expansion to diversify revenue streams and strengthen its position in global FMCG markets. Initially serving the Indian diaspora in the Middle East, Dabur formalized its globalization drive in 2003 by establishing Dabur International Limited (DIL) in Dubai. As of 2024, the company has a global footprint in over 120 countries with 8 overseas manufacturing units, contributing 25% to total revenues. Region-wise split is mentioned in the table below:

    RegionContribution to International Revenues
    Middle East24%
    Africa24%
    Asia22%
    Europe15%
    Americas15%

    Recent performance indicates strong momentum: Dabur’s international business grew by 23.6% in Q2 FY24. Its business in Egypt and Turkey grew by 35% and 78% respectively. The overall business in the MENA region grew by 18.4%. Dabur is now investing in expanding manufacturing capabilities in the Middle East and Europe. This global expansion is driven by a threefold strategy: geographic growth, leveraging its herbal product portfolio, and scaling through both organic means and acquisitions.

    Read Also: Colgate Palmolive India Case Study: Business Model, Product Portfolio, And SWOT Anlaysis

    Case Study: Successful Marketing Campaigns

    1. #BraveAndBeautiful

    A social initiative celebrating cancer survivors, which deeply resonated with audiences and boosted Dabur’s brand reputation.

    2. #VocalForLocal

    A campaign promoting Indian-made products in response to the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ movement, reinforcing Dabur’s homegrown identity.

    3. Dabur Red Paste Challenge

    A digital campaign leveraging social media influencers to highlight the effectiveness of Dabur’s oral care range.

    Market Information of Dabur 

    Current Market Price ₹ 511
    Market Capitalization (in ₹ crores)90,521
    52 Week High₹ 672 
    52 Week Low₹ 480
    Book Value₹ 58.5
    P/E Ratio51.2
    ROCE 22.3%
    Dividend Yield 1.08%
    (Data as of 25 March 2025)

    Dabur India Key Financial Statements

    Dabur Income Statement

    ParticularsMarch 31, 2024March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
    Total Income 12,886.411,975.311,281.9
    Total Expenses10,527.29,7558,926.4
    Net Profit1,811.31,701.31,742.3
    (All values are in INR Crore unless stated otherwise)
    Income Statement of Dabur

    Dabur Balance Sheet

    ParticularsMarch 31, 2024March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
    Total Assets15,122.913,654.412,284.5
    Total Liabilities4,8304,212.93,862.7
    Total Equity10,303.19,441.48,421.9
    (All values are in INR Crore unless stated otherwise)
    Balance Sheet of Dabur

    Dabur Cash Flow Statement

    ParticularsMarch 31, 2024March 31, 2023March 31, 2022
    Cash Flow from Operating Activities2,013.51,488.41,802.3
    Cash Flow from Investing Activities-971.7-586.5-1,275.5
    Cash Flow from Financing Activities-1,161.9-1,035.2-491
    (All values are in INR Crore unless stated otherwise)
    Cash Flow Statement of Dabur

    Read Also: Blinkit Case Study: Business Model, Financials, and SWOT Analysis

    SWOT Analysis of Dabur

    Dabur SWOT Analysis highlights its strengths in herbal products, opportunities in global expansion, weaknesses in dependency on rural markets, and threats from competition.

    SWOT Analysis of Dabur

    Strengths 

    • Market Share: Dabur India has an impressive market share within different segments like oral care (15.8%), beverages (19.8%) and hair care (18.9%).
    • Economies of Scale: As it’s a big brand with economies of scale, it can compete at lower prices, and it would be difficult for its competitors to compete or fabricate its product at lower prices.
    • Digital Marketing & E-Commerce presence:  Dabur has an impressive e-commerce presence, helping it reach a wider consumer base.
    • National Presence: Dabur is an Indian FMCG company that sells products based on Ayurveda. It has nearly 6.7 million retail outlets across India, and its portfolio includes eight brands in different sectors. 
    • Health Brand: Dabur successfully established itself as a healthcare brand. Its Ayurvedic preparations include health supplements, digestives and other OTC products.

    Weaknesses

    • Highly Competitive Industry: The FMCG industry is dynamic and highly competitive, with diverse consumer preferences and pricing strategies.
    • Competition in International Markets: Dabur faced tough competition in international markets, especially in the toothpaste segment.
    • Highly Regulated Market: Regulatory compliance is higher in Indian markets for FMCG companies.
    • High Turnover Rate: Due to the frequent use and short shelf life of FMCG, the industry turnover rate is high. These goods are produced and manufactured in large quantities and sold in high volumes.

    Opportunities

    • Inelastic Demand: Usually, the demand for any product or industry is affected by various factors. However, the demand for FMCG is inelastic, i.e., changes in market conditions will have a minimal impact on demand.
    • Strong Brand: Dabur has established itself as a strong brand, and people, even in rural areas, know it, making it a household name.
    • Price Setters: Customers prefer choosing one product over another if they have brand loyalty. The sellers can also charge a marginally higher price and may become price setters to a certain extent. 
    • Ayurvedic Product Portfolio: Ayurvedic product demand is increasing in India & abroad.
    • Focus on Health: Now, people focus more on healthcare products and brands, so Dabur is well placed in this segment.

    Threats 

    • Monopolistic Competition: In monopolistic competition, there are many buyers and sellers. But they all do not sell homogeneous products. The products are similar, but all sellers sell slightly differentiated products. Hence, this sector is highly competitive.
    • Big Portfolio: Dabur has a big portfolio and a wide product range. There is a threat of duplication from local brands that can make duplicate products and sell them under Dabur’s brand name.

    Competitors of Dabur India

    Read Also: Bikaji Foods Case Study – Product Portfolio, Financial Statements, & Swot Analysis

    Conclusion

    The company has a robust track record, making it a leading FMCG Company in India and the world’s largest Ayurvedic and natural healthcare company, with a portfolio of over 250 Herbal / Ayurvedic products. It maintains a clear vision for the future. However, competitors and regulations governing the FMCG industry present some challenges. As India grows and natural healthcare demand increases, Dabur is poised to play a significant role.

    The company becomes a true winner against its competitors if it handles its challenges efficiently and takes advantage of future opportunities in a timely manner. Further, we recommend consulting with your financial advisor before making any investment decision.

    S.NO.Check Out These Interesting Posts You Might Enjoy!
    1HDFC Bank Case Study: Business Model, Financial Highlights, and SWOT Analysis
    2Vedanta Case Study: Business Model, Financial Statement, SWOT Analysis
    3Nestle India Case Study: Business Model, Financial Statement, SWOT Analysis
    4BPCL Case Study: Business Model, Product Portfolio and SWOT Analysis
    5Apollo Hospitals Case Study : Business Model, Financial Statements, And SWOT Analysis

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

    1. When did Dabur India start trading at NSE?

      It started trading on November 3, 1994.

    2. What type of market does Dabur India compete in?

      It operates in a monopolistic market where many buyers and sellers compete with slightly differentiated products.

    3. How many business segments does Dabur have?

      It operates in three segments, namely 1) Home & Personal Care, 2) Health Care, and  3) Food & Beverages.

    4. Who is the CEO of Dabur?

      Mohit Malhotra is Dabur’s chief executive officer.

    5. What makes Dabur Unique?

      It blends traditional knowledge of Ayurveda with modern-day science and is famous for its natural ingredients.

  • What is Dow Theory? Meaning, Principles, and Examples

    What is Dow Theory? Meaning, Principles, and Examples

    Dow Theory, a 100-year-old theory, is still valid in today’s volatile and technology-driven markets. Sounds interesting? Let’s find out.

    Charles H. Dow is one of the pioneers in technical analysis and finance. Dow was the founder and first editor of The Wall Street Journal, co-founder of Dow Jones & Company, and a journalist. He used to record the highs and lows of the Dow Jones Industrial Average for daily, weekly, and monthly time frames to correlate the patterns. He tried to explain the historical events based on those patterns. He never published the complete theory before he died in 1902, but several followers and associates refined his work, including:

    • William P. Hamilton published “The Stock Market Barometer” in 1922.
    • Robert Rhea published “The Dow Theory” in 1932.
    • E. George Schaefer published “How I Helped More Than 10,000 Investors to Profit in Stocks” in 1960.
    • Richard Russell published “The Dow Theory Today” in 1961.

    Even though Charles Dow is credited with developing the Dow Theory, S.A. Nelson and William Hamilton refined it into what it is today.

    Dow Theory Explained

    Dow theory supported the common belief that an asset price and its resulting movements already have all the necessary information reflected in it to make accurate predictions.

    Based on his theory, Charles Dow created the Dow Jones Industrial Index and the Dow Jones Rail Index (now known as the Transportation Index), originally developed for the Wall Street Journal. Charles Dow created these stock indices​​ as he believed they would accurately reflect the economic and financial conditions of companies in two major economic sectors: the industrial and the railway (transportation) sectors.

    Principles of Dow Theory

    Dow Theory is based on six principles, which are as follows:

    1. Market discounts everything:  Dow believed that the prices of all the stocks and indices reflected all available information.
    2. Three-trend market:  Three market trends are active at any given time that may be in opposite directions. Three trends are Primary, Secondary, and Minor. The primary trend is the largest trend that lasts for one year or more; it tells whether the market is bullish (going up) or bearish (going down). The secondary trend is often in the opposite direction of the primary trend; e.g., in a bull market, the secondary trend will give correction, and in a bear market, it will give a rally. The secondary trend lasts for a few weeks to a few months. Finally, there is a minor trend, which features short-term fluctuations and is unpredictable. 
    3. Phases in Primary trend:   There are three phases in the primary trend-
      • Accumulation/Distribution phase: In the bull market, the accumulation phase witnesses an increase in price with an increase in volume. In bear markets, news of decline flows through the investors.
      • Public participation phase: It witnesses the largest price movement because average and retail investors participate.
      • Excess/Panic phase: In a bull market, it is called the excess phase (euphoria period) towards the end of the bull market, and experienced investors exit while the majority are buying. Similarly, investors continue selling aggressively in the panic phase at the end of the bear market.
    4. Volume must confirm the Primary trend: Volume should increase in the direction of the trend to confirm the primary trend. If the volume doesn’t increase in the direction of the trend, then it may signal weakness in the trend.
    5. Primary trends must confirm each other across other market indices: A trend in one index must be confirmed by a similar trend in other market indices. For example, Nifty and Banknifty cannot go in different directions for a longer timeframe or their primary trend. 
    6. Primary trend remains in place until a clear reversal happens: This theory gives importance to a clear reversal of the primary trend, which may take several months. Hence, this theory may miss the early signs of reversals. 

    Example

    Dow’s theory trading strategy is based on a trend-following strategy​​ and can be either bullish or bearish. Remember, the trend is your friend, as per this theory.

    Dow theory buy signal

    This sequence should be followed for the buy signal :

    • Once the low point of a downtrend is established, a secondary uptrend bounce will occur.
    • A pullback in index or stock must exceed 3%, and it should not break prior lows; ideally, it should hold above the prior lows.
    • A breakout above the previous rally high would generate a buy signal for the bull market.
    Dow theroy buy signal

    From the above chart of Tata Motors, we see it bottomed out with huge volumes on the monthly chart in May 2020, and then it started moving up in a primary trend. It gave a breakout in June 2023, broke a 2015 high of Rs.600, and went up to Rs.1050.

    Dow Theory Sell Signal

    This sequence should be followed for the sell signal :

    • Index or stock tries to make tops and give pullbacks.
    • Index or stock falls around 3% and doesn’t reach previous highs.
    • A sell signal is triggered once it breaks the recent lows.
    Dow Theory Sell Signal

    From the above chart of Yes Bank, we see monthly highs were around Rs. 400, and there were pullbacks. A sharp decline was seen, and the stock failed to reach previous highs. The stock broke the previous low alongside a volume rise, generating a sell signal. The stock currently trades around Rs. 24.

    Read Also: How to use technical analysis on charts

    Conclusion

    Dow Theory is a 100-year-old theory, but its basic elements are still valid today. Charles Dow developed it, but William Hamilton and Robert Rhea further refined it. Dow Theory is a Bible for technical analysis and price action and explains the market philosophy. Many people think the market is different from when it started, but Robert Rhea’s book attests that the stock market behaves the same as it did 100 years ago. So, the basic philosophy covered in Dow Theory is still relevant.

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

    1. What is Dow Theory?

      Dow Theory is about identifying trends and using certain parameters to confirm them.

    2. Is it a theory?

      Though it is popular, there were no academic papers related to it.

    3. What is the goal of Dow Theory?

      The goal is to identify the primary trend and then follow the trend to catch big moves.

    4. What is one of the assumptions of Dow Theory?

      The assumption is that the market discounts everything, which means the market reflects all available information.

    5. Can it be used in Algorithmic Trading?

      Yes, traders can program Dow’s Principles into algorithms; these algorithms can scan the market and look for patterns.

  • Bikaji Foods Case Study – Product Portfolio, Financial Statements, & Swot Analysis

    Bikaji Foods Case Study – Product Portfolio, Financial Statements, & Swot Analysis

    Have you ever had that insane flavour explosion when eating a perfectly spiced Bhujia or that amazing crunch of a savoury namkeen? You have probably heard of the famous Bikaji brand if you enjoy Indian snacks. The story is more than just tasty treats. It is about innovation, tradition, and a great understanding of what delights Indian taste buds.

    In today’s blog, we will explore the world of Bikaji Foods International, a leading Indian snack company and learn about its history, product range, and what makes it a dominant player in the Indian FMCG market.

    About Bikaji Foods

    Bikaji Foods International Limited is a major Indian snack food company and one of India’s largest fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) brands. The company manufactures a wide variety of snacks across various categories. Bikaji is the largest manufacturer of Bikaneri Bhujia. Their products are popular in India and exported to over 22 countries, including North America, Asia Pacific, the Middle East, the European Union, Africa, and the United Kingdom.

    The history of Bikaji Foods International can be traced back to the late 1980s. Shivratan Agarwal founded it. The company was originally named Shivdeep Food Products, which was incorporated in 1986. It subsequently came up with the “Bikaji” brand in 1993. The brand name was inspired by Bika Rao, the founder of Bikaner, and the suffix “ji” was added as a sign of respect. In 2006, the company underwent a major consolidation of its four group companies.

    Read Also: Gopal Snacks IPO: Segments, Financials, Key Details, Strengths, and Weaknesses

    Bikaji Foods Product Portfolio

    Bikaji Foods Product Portfolio

    Bikaji offers various products, mainly categorized as, 

    • Namkeen (Savory snacks) include Bhujia, Aloo Bhujia, Sev mixtures, and other traditional Indian snacks.
    • Indian sweets include Rasgulla, Gulab Jamun, Soan Papdi, and Bikaneri Papad, among other types of papad.
    • Ready-to-eat snacks and meals.
    • Western snacks include chips, cookies, and other contemporary snacks, which include gift packs, frozen food, etc.

    The products are available in varied sizes, letting the customers pick from various options based on their needs and budget.

    The company uses a strong distribution network to deliver its products to a wide customer base in India and overseas, including retail outlets, supermarkets, hypermarkets, and convenience stores.

    It also focuses on efficient production and economies of scale to control costs and stay competitive.

    Key Highlights of Bikaji Foods

    • Pan-India Distribution Network: 25 states & 4 Union Territories.
    • 250+ snacking choices spanning six key categories.
    • 550 distributors.
    • Leading manufacturer of packaged sweets (especially Rasgulla and Soan Papdi)
    • Largest manufacturer of bikaneri bhujia.

    Bikaji Foods Consolidated Financial Statements

    Bikaji Foods Income Statements

    Key MetricsFY 2024FY 2023FY 2022
    Total income2,3561,9801,621
    Total expenses1,9981,7991,509
    Profit after tax26312676
    (All values are in INR Crore unless stated otherwise)
    Bikaji Foods International Income Statement

    Bikaji Foods Balance Sheet

    Key MetricsFY 2024FY 2023FY 2022
    Total Assets1,5331,2711,102
    Total Liabilities314319281
    Total Equity1,218952820
    (All values are in INR Crore unless stated otherwise)
    Bikaji Foods International Balance Sheet

    Bikaji Foods Cash Flow Statements

    Key MetricsFY 2024FY 2023FY 2022
    Cash Flow from Operating Activities24417657
    Cash Flow from Investing Activities-198-128-231
    Cash Flow from  Financing Activities-53-4168
    Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents-843-5
    (All values are in INR Crore unless stated otherwise)
    Bikaji Foods International Cash Flow Statement

    Bikaji Foods Ratio Analysis

    Key MetricsFY 2024FY 2023FY 2022
    Debt Equity Ratio 0.10.150.17
    Return on Equity (%)21.8%13.47%9.49%
    ROCE (%)27.24%17.27%12.24%
    Net Profit Margin (%)11.31%6.43%4.71%

    Inferences that can be drawn from the above financial statements are as follows, 

    • Bikaji has shown consistent revenue growth over the past few years, indicating a strong demand for its products.
    • Profits have also increased over the past three years, which shows efficient operations and a healthy profit margin.
    • Looking at ratios like ROCE, the company is healthy and indicates good returns for shareholders and efficient use of invested capital.
    • Overall, Bikaji’s financial statements show that the company is growing and making profits. However, staying informed about the upcoming trends and possible challenges is important, such as increasing input costs and changing consumer preferences.

    Read Also: Ola Electric Case Study: Business Model, Financials, and SWOT Analysis

    Bikaji Foods SWOT Analysis

    SWOT Analysis

    Strengths

    • Bikaji is a well-known brand with cultural and historical significance, originating from Bikaner, a region famous for its snacks.
    • They have a wide selection of snacks in different categories to suit different preferences. The company consistently engages in innovation by introducing new products and flavours.
    • The company is known for its high-quality and hygienic manufacturing processes, which build consumer trust and loyalty.

    Weaknesses

    • The company faces intense competition from other well-established snack brands such as Haldiram’s, Balaji Wafers, and ITC’s snack segment. The market share may be impacted by competitive pricing and marketing strategies employed by rivals.
    • Although Bikaji is expanding internationally, its major market share is still concentrated in India.
    • The absence of a healthy food segment is a missed opportunity, given consumer’s increasing demand for healthier snack options.

    Opportunities

    • The demand for ready-to-eat snacks and convenience foods is increasing, especially among urban and younger populations. Opportunity to introduce new product lines and flavours catering to changing consumer preferences.
    • There is great potential to further increase exports and enhance brand presence in existing and new international markets.
    • Utilizing the power of e-commerce and online platforms to expand the reach and foster direct engagement with consumers and investments in digital marketing and social media can greatly enhance brand visibility and improve customer interaction.

    Threats

    • The Indian FMCG market is highly competitive, with existing and new companies competing for market share. Price wars and promotional offers by competitors can impact profit margins.
    • Both domestically and internationally, food safety and quality regulations require ongoing compliance and may involve extra expenses. Any negative publicity about food safety can damage the brand’s reputation.
    • Price changes in raw materials such as pulses, vegetables, oils, and spices can impact Bikaji’s profit. Furthermore, fluctuations in raw material prices can affect Bikaji’s revenue.

    Read Also: Dabur Case Study: Business Model and Swot Analysis

    Conclusion

    From its humble beginnings in Bikaner, Rajasthan, to becoming a globally recognised brand, Bikaji Foods has stayed true to its commitment to offering authentic flavours and high-quality snacks. Their constant innovation and dedication to preserving traditional recipes have made them a household name in the snack industry. They focus on quality, customer engagement and sustainable practices to strengthen their market position and drive growth. So next time, if you ever crave a tasty Indian snack, you must check out Bikaji’s offerings because “Amitji Loves Bikaji.”

    FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

    1. Is Bikaji popular outside India?

      Yes, the company exports to over 22 countries.

    2. How does Bikaji make money?

      It manufactures and sells its snacks under the Bikaji brand through a vast distribution network across India and internationally.

    3. Is Bikaji a publicly traded company?

      Yes, it is a publicly-traded company.

    4. What is the Bikaji’s current market price?

      Bikaji’s current market price stands at INR 721.

    5. What distinguishes the company from other snack brands?

      Bikaji’s strong brand heritage, diverse product range, and commitment to quality distinguish it from other snack brands.

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