{"id":31095,"date":"2026-10-12T11:03:55","date_gmt":"2026-10-12T11:03:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp-api.pocketful.in\/blog\/?p=31095"},"modified":"2026-10-12T11:03:56","modified_gmt":"2026-10-12T11:03:56","slug":"what-is-purchasing-power","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wp-api.pocketful.in\/blog\/what-is-purchasing-power\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Purchasing Power?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If an investor has \u20b91 lakh, it is not guaranteed that the same amount will buy the same quantity of goods a few years down the line. Rising inflation can erode the money&#8217;s purchasing power. Understanding the concept of &#8220;purchasing power&#8221; is essential to grasp this. When investing in the stock market, looking solely at returns is insufficient; it is equally important to understand the actual increase in the value of your money after accounting for inflation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_65 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/wp-api.pocketful.in\/blog\/what-is-purchasing-power\/#What_Is_Purchasing_Power_Meaning_and_Importance\" title=\"What Is Purchasing Power? Meaning and Importance\u00a0\">What Is Purchasing Power? Meaning and Importance\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/wp-api.pocketful.in\/blog\/what-is-purchasing-power\/#Purchasing_Power_Example_How_Inflation_Changes_the_Value_of_%E2%82%B91_Lakh\" title=\"Purchasing Power Example: How Inflation Changes the Value of \u20b91 Lakh\u00a0\">Purchasing Power Example: How Inflation Changes the Value of \u20b91 Lakh\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/wp-api.pocketful.in\/blog\/what-is-purchasing-power\/#How_to_Calculate_Purchasing_Power\" title=\"How to Calculate Purchasing Power?\u00a0\">How to Calculate Purchasing Power?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/wp-api.pocketful.in\/blog\/what-is-purchasing-power\/#Purchasing_Power_vs_Investment_Returns_%E2%80%93_What_Should_Investors_Compare\" title=\"Purchasing Power vs Investment Returns &#8211; What Should Investors Compare?\u00a0\">Purchasing Power vs Investment Returns &#8211; What Should Investors Compare?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/wp-api.pocketful.in\/blog\/what-is-purchasing-power\/#What_Factors_Affect_Purchasing_Power_for_Indian_Investors\" title=\"What Factors Affect Purchasing Power for Indian Investors?\u00a0\">What Factors Affect Purchasing Power for Indian Investors?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/wp-api.pocketful.in\/blog\/what-is-purchasing-power\/#How_Can_Investors_Account_for_Purchasing_Power_in_Financial_Planning\" title=\"How Can Investors Account for Purchasing Power in Financial Planning?\u00a0\">How Can Investors Account for Purchasing Power in Financial Planning?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/wp-api.pocketful.in\/blog\/what-is-purchasing-power\/#Purchasing_Power_and_Stock_Market_Investing_%E2%80%93_Common_Mistakes_to_Avoid\" title=\"Purchasing Power and Stock Market Investing &#8211; Common Mistakes to Avoid\u00a0\">Purchasing Power and Stock Market Investing &#8211; Common Mistakes to Avoid\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/wp-api.pocketful.in\/blog\/what-is-purchasing-power\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/wp-api.pocketful.in\/blog\/what-is-purchasing-power\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\" title=\"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)\">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"h-what-is-purchasing-power-meaning-and-importance\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_Purchasing_Power_Meaning_and_Importance\"><\/span>What Is Purchasing Power? Meaning and Importance\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Purchasing power means how much stuff you can actually buy with a certain amount of cash right now. Basically, the real worth of your money depends on how many things it can get you. Say you used to grab 2 kg of rice for 100 rupees, but now you only get 1.5 kg for that same cash that means your money&#8217;s buying power has gone down. The cash amount hasn&#8217;t changed, but you&#8217;re getting less stuff for it.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-purchasing-power-example-how-inflation-changes-the-value-of-1-lakh\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Purchasing_Power_Example_How_Inflation_Changes_the_Value_of_%E2%82%B91_Lakh\"><\/span>Purchasing Power Example: How Inflation Changes the Value of \u20b91 Lakh\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Suppose you have \u20b91,00,000 and you hold onto this amount without earning any return. If the prices of goods rise by 5% over the next year, then the items that cost \u20b91 lakh today will require \u20b91,05,000 to purchase next year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table has-small-font-size\"><table><thead><tr><th>Description<\/th><th>Amount<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Funds available today<\/td><td>\u20b91,00,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Assume that annual inflation&#8230;<\/td><td>5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Estimated price of the same goods next year<\/td><td>\u20b91,05,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Purchasing power of \u20b91 lakh in today&#8217;s terms<\/td><td>Approximately \u20b995,238<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Calculation: \u20b91,00,000 \u00f7 1.05 = \u20b995,238.10<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This means that with 5% inflation, the amount of goods you can buy with \u20b91 lakh a year from now will be equivalent to what can be purchased today for approximately \u20b995,238. The 5% inflation figure is used here merely as an example; it does not represent India&#8217;s current inflation rate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-how-to-calculate-purchasing-power\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_Calculate_Purchasing_Power\"><\/span>How to Calculate Purchasing Power?\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In India, price shifts are tracked through the Consumer Price Index (CPI). CPI shows how your money&#8217;s buying capacity moves over a specific stretch of time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"h-formula-inflation-adjusted-value-base-period-cpi-current-period-cpi-x-original-amount\"><strong>Formula: Inflation-Adjusted Value = ( Base Period CPI \/ Current Period CPI ) X Original Amount<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the CPI climbs from 100 up to 120, and you&#8217;ve got \u20b950,000<br>Inflation-Adjusted Value = (100\/120) X 50,000 = 41,666.67<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-purchasing-power-vs-investment-returns-what-should-investors-compare\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Purchasing_Power_vs_Investment_Returns_%E2%80%93_What_Should_Investors_Compare\"><\/span>Purchasing Power vs Investment Returns &#8211; What Should Investors Compare?\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When you put money in stocks, seeing basic growth isn&#8217;t the whole story. You need to check what your gains actually buy after inflation eats away a chunk. That is why comparing nominal returns against real returns gives you a much better picture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-nominal-return-vs-real-return\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">Nominal Return vs. Real Return<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Nominal Return:<\/strong> The return earned on an investment without factoring in the impact of inflation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Real Return:<\/strong> The return on an investment after accounting for inflation. It reveals the actual increase in the investment&#8217;s purchasing power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"h-example-how-inflation-affects-investment-returns\"><strong>Example &#8211; How Inflation Affects Investment Returns<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Suppose you invested \u20b91,00,000 in the stock market, and after one year, the value of your investment rose to \u20b91,10,000. During this period, inflation stood at 5%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table has-small-font-size\"><table><thead><tr><th>Description<\/th><th>Amount<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Initial investment<\/td><td>\u20b91,00,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Value of the investment after one year<\/td><td>\u20b91,10,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nominal return<\/td><td>10%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Assumed inflation rate<\/td><td>5%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Real return after inflation<\/td><td>Approximately 4.76%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Real Return (%) = [((1 + 10\/100) \/ (1 + 5\/100)) &#8211; 1] \u00d7 100<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Real Return (%) = 4.76%<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this example, the investment value increased by \u20b910,000, but after accounting for inflation, the real return was approximately 4.76%. This calculation is made before taxes and other investment-related expenses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-factors-affect-purchasing-power-for-indian-investors\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Factors_Affect_Purchasing_Power_for_Indian_Investors\"><\/span>What Factors Affect Purchasing Power for Indian Investors?\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The real value of your money in India depends on several factors, from inflation to the returns you earn on your investments.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Inflation<\/strong>: When prices rise, you can buy fewer goods with the same amount of money. In India, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is used to measure retail inflation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Income Growth<\/strong>: Consider a scenario where your salary increases by 6% but your expenses rise by 8%; ultimately, you will have less money left for savings and investment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Savings Interest and Investment Returns<\/strong>: If the returns you earn are lower than the inflation rate, the value of your money is gradually eroding. Therefore, it is crucial to check whether your returns are beating inflation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Taxes and Brokerage Charges<\/strong>: The taxes, brokerage fees and other charges linked to the stock market will lower your ultimate profit, so you should always take them into account when working out your gains.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Household Expenses<\/strong>: Rising costs for rent, children&#8217;s education, medical care, and commuting leave less money available for investment. Since every family&#8217;s expenses differ, the impact of these costs varies for everyone.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Economic Conditions<\/strong>: Things like poor rainfall, higher crude oil prices or supply chain disruptions can drive up the cost of goods. All these factors directly affect household budgets and savings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Read Also:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pocketful.in\/blog\/personal-finance\/what-is-bnpl\/\">What is Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL)? How It Works &amp; Benefits<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-how-can-investors-account-for-purchasing-power-in-financial-planning\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Can_Investors_Account_for_Purchasing_Power_in_Financial_Planning\"><\/span>How Can Investors Account for Purchasing Power in Financial Planning?\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Your investment gains only really matter if they actually cover what you&#8217;ll spend later. Keep these simple tips in mind before putting your money to work:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Plan for Future Expenses<\/strong>: When saving up for life after work or school fees down the road, factor in how much pricier things will get instead of just today&#8217;s price tag.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Check Real Investment Returns<\/strong>: Don&#8217;t just stare at the total gains; see what&#8217;s actually left after taking out inflation and extra fees. Remember, stock market payouts aren&#8217;t guaranteed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Choose Investments According to Your Needs<\/strong>: Put your money where it matches your timeline and risk level. Stop running after high returns just for inflation if you can&#8217;t handle losing that much.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Review Your Financial Plan<\/strong>: Take another look at your lineup whenever your paycheck, bills, or long-term targets shift. It makes sure your money stays on track for what lies ahead.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-purchasing-power-and-stock-market-investing-common-mistakes-to-avoid\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Purchasing_Power_and_Stock_Market_Investing_%E2%80%93_Common_Mistakes_to_Avoid\"><\/span>Purchasing Power and Stock Market Investing &#8211; Common Mistakes to Avoid\u00a0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When investing in the stock market, certain minor errors can hinder a clear understanding of actual returns especially when investors base their decisions solely on the profits displayed on the screen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ignoring Dividend Income<\/strong>: If a stock has yielded dividends, include them when calculating the total return. Looking only at the change in share price is insufficient.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Comparing Returns Over Different Periods<\/strong>: You can&#8217;t really judge a 1-year investment against a 5-year one. The math just won&#8217;t add up unless you look at identical timelines side by side.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Forgetting Investment Costs<\/strong>: Brokerage cuts, taxes, plus hidden fees eat your gains. Subtract every single extra expense before you call any trade a total victory.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Treating Market Gains as Guaranteed Income<\/strong>: Profits arising from a rise in share prices remain subject to change until the investment is actually sold. Markets are volatile; hence, do not mistake current gains for guaranteed future returns.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Money&#8217;s real value isn&#8217;t just the figure in your account; it&#8217;s what that cash actually buys. When you <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pocketful.in\/stocks\">invest in stocks<\/a>, don&#8217;t just stare at the raw returns factor in inflation too. That&#8217;s the only real way to know if your wealth is genuinely expanding or quietly losing its edge over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table has-small-font-size\"><table><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">S.NO.<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Check Out These Interesting Posts You Might Enjoy!<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pocketful.in\/blog\/trading\/what-is-margin-against-shares\/\">Margin Against Shares: How Does it Work?<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pocketful.in\/blog\/trading\/top-tips-for-successful-margin-trading\/\">Top Tips for Successful Margin Trading in India<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">3<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pocketful.in\/blog\/what-is-margin-pledge\/\">Margin Pledge: Meaning, Risks, And Benefits<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">4<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pocketful.in\/blog\/trading\/what-is-intraday-margin-trading\/\">What is Intraday Margin Trading?<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pocketful.in\/blog\/trading\/what-is-operating-profit-margin\/\">What is Operating Profit Margin?<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-frequently-asked-questions-faqs\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions_FAQs\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"saswp-faq-block-section\"><ol style=\"list-style-type:none\"><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><h3 class=\"\">What is purchasing power?<\/h3><p class=\"saswp-faq-answer-text\">Purchasing power refers to the quantity of goods and services that can be purchased with a specific amount of money.<\/p><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><h3 class=\"\">How does inflation affect purchasing power?<\/h3><p class=\"saswp-faq-answer-text\">When inflation rises, fewer goods can be purchased with the same amount of money compared to before.<\/p><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><h3 class=\"\">How can purchasing power be calculated?<\/h3><p class=\"saswp-faq-answer-text\">The purchasing power of money can be estimated based on inflation levels using CPI data.<\/p><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><h3 class=\"\">What is the difference between nominal return and real return?<\/h3><p class=\"saswp-faq-answer-text\">Nominal return is the total return on an investment, whereas real return accounts for the impact of inflation.<\/p><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><h3 class=\"\">Can stock market investments protect purchasing power?<\/h3><p class=\"saswp-faq-answer-text\">Stock market investments offer the potential for capital growth over the long term, but returns are not guaranteed, and there is a risk of loss.<\/p><\/ul><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If an investor has \u20b91 lakh, it is not guaranteed that the same amount will buy the same quantity of goods a few years down the line. Rising inflation can erode the money&#8217;s purchasing power. Understanding the concept of &#8220;purchasing power&#8221; is essential to grasp this. When investing in the stock market, looking solely at [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":31098,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"is_paper_insight":false,"paper_insight_image":0,"paper_insight_pdf":0,"paper_insight_ppt":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31095","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-investing"],"acf":{"freelancer":"Harjyot"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v20.13 (Yoast SEO v21.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Purchasing Power: Meaning, Formula &amp; Inflation Impact<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Understand purchasing power, its meaning and formula, how inflation affects money, and how to calculate real investment returns after inflation.\" 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