Category: Investing

Difference Between Shareholders and Debenture Holders

Whenever a company decides to expand their business, they are in need of funds. There are certain ways through which a company can raise capital, either by issuing shares or can raise funds through debentures. It is essential to understand the difference between them before investing in any company.

In today’s blog post, we will give you an overview of shareholders and debenture holders, along with the key differences between them.

Who are Shareholders?

Shareholders are the one who holds equity in a company. The shareholders can be individuals, institutions, or entities. Once an investor invests in a company through shares, they become a part-owner of the company. Along with the ownership rights, they also get the voting power.

Key Features of Shareholders

The key features of shareholders are as follows:

Ownership: Shareholders hold ownership rights, as they own a portion of the company.
Dividend: When a company declares a dividend, every shareholder gets a portion of it.
Risk: Shareholders will bear the losses as they carry a high risk.
Appreciation of Capital: As the shareholder infuses capital into the company. Therefore, when the share prices of the company increase, their capital will also increase in the same proportion.

Example of Shareholder:

ABC Limited requires capital to expand its business, and it considers issuing shares. For this, the company issues 1,00,000 shares of INR 100 each. Mr A subscribed for 10,000 shares and invested 10,00,000 INR in the company. Now, Mr A has become a shareholder in the company and holds around 10% of the company’s equity. Now, whenever the company declares a dividend, he will get a proportion of it along with the appreciation in capital based on the increase in share price.

Who are Debenture Holders?

The key features of the debenture holders of the company are as follows:

Low Risk: Debenture holders carry a lower risk than shareholders, as their repayment has priority over the shareholders.
No Voting Rights: They do not have any voting rights as they do not participate in any management decisions.
Fixed Interest: The debenture holders receive regular interest for their investment in the debenture, irrespective of the company’s profit or loss.
No Share in excess profit: The debenture holders do not receive any additional profit or growth in the value of the company.

Example of Debenture Holder:

Debenture holders of the company are known as Creditors of the company. So a company named ABC Limited wants to raise 10,00,000 INR for its expansion. It came up by issuing 1000 debentures having a face value of INR 1000 each with a coupon of 7% p.a, payable yearly and redeemable after 5 years. Mr A has purchased 100 debentures amounting to 100,000 INR. Now, yearly, Mr A will receive 7% interest and on maturity, he will get back the entire amount of the investment.

Difference Between Shareholders and Debenture Holders

The key difference between shareholders and debenture holders is as follows:

Particular	Shareholder	Debenture Holders
Status	They are considered the owners of the company.	They are known as the creditors of the company.
Return	Shareholders receive dividends based on the company’s profit.	Debenture holders receive fixed interest on the investment amount.
Voting	Shareholders enjoy voting rights in the meeting.	Debenture holders do not have voting rights.
Risk	They carry a high risk.	They are comparatively low-risk investment options.
Maturity	Shares do not have any maturity date.	Redeemable debentures have a fixed maturity date.
Convertibility	They are not convertible into debentures.	Some debentures have an option to convert into shares.
Claim on Assets	They have a residual claim on the asset.	Debenture holders have a prior claim on the asset.
Capital Appreciation	Shareholders benefit from the increase in share price.	They do not benefit from the company’s growth.
Accounting Treatment	Dividends are not a part of the company’s expenses.	Interest paid is part of the company’s expenses.

Which is better, Shareholder or Debenture holder?

Shareholders and debenture holders are both different types of investors in a company. Being a shareholder and a debenture holder depends on the investor’s risk profile and investment objective. If one wants a stable and predictable return with lower risk can consider investing in debentures. Whereas, if someone wants to create long-term wealth and can bear the risk in their portfolio for a higher return, they can consider being a shareholder in a company.

Read Also: What is Convertible Debentures?

Conclusion

On a concluding note, both shareholders and debenture holders are an important part of the company. Shareholders invest in a company with a view to long-term growth and with an expectation of getting higher returns. Whereas, on the other hand, debenture holders are conservative investors who invest in debentures of a company to get fixed returns and look for safety and regular income along with capital protection. However, it is advisable to consult your investment advisor, and the investment should be made based on the investment objective.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can a debenture holder receive a dividend from the company?
No, a debenture holder is not entitled to receive any dividend from the company; they can only get the interest on their investment in the company.
Does a debenture holder participate in the company’s voting?
No, a debenture holder cannot participate in the company’s voting; only equity shareholders have the right to participate in voting.
Can I invest in both shares and debentures of a company?
Yes, you can invest in both shares and debentures of a company.
Who gets first right in case of the company’s liquidation?
A debenture holder gets the first right in case of the company’s liquidation, as they are paid before the shareholders.
Who bears more risk debenture holder or the shareholders?
Shareholders bear more risk as their returns are linked to the company’s growth and profitability, whereas the debenture holder gets a fixed return irrespective of the company’s profit.

December 31, 2025

Nifty 50 vs Nifty 500: Which Is Better

When you plan to invest in stocks or even mutual funds, it is common that you compare the options before you. But at the same time, there are certain benchmarks that you must consider to ensure that you are making the right investment decision. These stock market indices help you understand the broader view of the market in terms of performance.

Of these, Nifty 50 and Nifty 500 stand out. Both these indices include the companies listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE). Hence, these are considered benchmarks that help you understand the economy’s position well.

The Nifty 50 tracks the top-performing large-cap companies. On the other hand, the Nifty 500 includes the large, mid, and small-cap stocks for a broader picture.

Knowing the difference between Nifty 500 vs Nifty 50 is essential before selecting an index fund or benchmarking your portfolio’s returns. So, let us explore all the details you need to make the investment call.

What Is Nifty 50?

The Nifty 50 is one of the most commonly used index in India. This is the one which includes the top 50 large-cap companies. All these are listed on the NSE. The companies that are included are the ones which are known for their performance and stability. They have offered valuable returns to the investors, which makes them a true indicator of the sector’s health as well.

Key Features of Nifty 50

Represents 50 leading large-cap companies on NSE.
Covers around 55.48% of the total market capitalization.
Acts as a benchmark for blue-chip and large-cap mutual funds.
Share the highlights of overall performance.
An insight into the economy’s performance.
Proper review twice a year at a regular interval.

What Is Nifty 500?

The Nifty 500 index tracks the performance of the top 500 companies. These are the ones listed on the NSE. Again, the selection is based on the market capitalization. But this includes large, mid, and small-cap companies for better representation of the overall economy. This is a diversified index which helps you have a better picture of the overall market.

Key Features of Nifty 500

Represents the top 500 listed companies on NSE.
Covers nearly 92% of total market capitalization.
Has small, mid, and large companies.
Best if you need a high level of diversification.
Offers broader market exposure for better decision-making.
Semi-annual review for accuracy and transparency.

So, it is clear that these two are great. But the Nifty 500 comparison offers you a more detailed insight. This is what you need when you want to make a portfolio that is well-diversified. This will be quite helpful and will ensure that you are investing in companies that are working well in the long run.

Nifty 50 Vs Nifty 500 Explained

You now know the basics. Now, what is Nifty 50 vs Nifty 500? Well, this is something that will help you know each of these options better. You will be able to make the right investment call knowing these details. So, let us explore the difference better here.

Parameter	Nifty 50	Nifty 500
Number of Stocks	Comprises 50 of the largest and most liquid companies on NSE.	Includes 500 companies across large, mid, and small-cap segments.
Market Representation	Covers around 55.48% of the total market capitalization of NSE.	Represents nearly 92% of NSE’s total market capitalization.
Market Segments Covered	Focus is on large-cap companies only.	Includes large, mid, and small-cap companies for better insights.
Volatility	Less volatile and more stable during market swings.	More volatile but has higher return potential in the long term.
Diversification	Limited diversification since it includes only top companies.	Offers wider diversification across sectors and company sizes.
Growth Potential	Offers consistent and steady growth.	Provides scope for faster growth due to mid and small-cap inclusion.
Risk Profile	Lower risk.	Higher risk.
Investor Profile	Better for beginners, conservative, and short-term investors.	Good for investors seeking long-term investment plans & Momentum.
Liquidity	High liquidity as it contains India’s most traded stocks.	Liquidity varies, especially among smaller companies.
Benchmark Use	Used as a benchmark for large-cap mutual funds and ETFs.	Used as a benchmark for multicap and diversified equity funds.
Review Frequency	Reviewed semi-annually to maintain top-performing large caps.	Reviewed semi-annually for overall market representation.

Which Is Better for You?

When comparing Nifty 50 vs Nifty 500, there is no right or wrong choice. You must be wondering why? Well, this is all based on your investment target and need. So, you must evaluate these two on certain aspects to see which one is a better choice for you.

1. Risk and Stability

Nifty 50: It is one with lower risk as compared to the other. It considers the large-cap stocks only and so is expected to stay stable during market correction..

Nifty 500: It includes companies from the entire market. There are small, mid, and large-cap companies as well. This makes it highly sensitive and is also one where the impact of volatility can be seen at most.

Takeaway: Nifty 50 is better suited for investors who value safety and steady growth. But if you are ready to take the risk then Nifty 500 is better. Though you will gain in both but the latter is better for a high potential and volatile market.

2. Return Potential

Nifty 50: It is one that offers you moderate and consistent returns over the long term.

Nifty 500: It has the potential to deliver stronger returns during market rallies. This is mainly due to the involvement of the faster-growing companies.

Takeaway: Nifty 500 may outperform in the long run. But it is not good if you want stability during ups and downs. Also, it will demand a high level of patience. So, long-term investors can go for this.

3. Diversification and Exposure

Nifty 50: It focuses on the large-cap companies only. These are based on their market capitalization. But also, it focuses on proper representation of the major sectors like banking, IT, energy, and FMCG.

Nifty 500: It also follows the market capitalization strategy but across all companies. You would be able to find the companies from different sizes, sectors, and nature giving a better view.

Takeaway: For diversification and broad mix, go for the Nifty 500. And if you want short-term let only segment performers, Nifty 50 is better.

4. Liquidity and Cost

Nifty 50: Stocks are highly liquid, easy to trade, and come with lower fund management costs.

Nifty 500: Includes some smaller companies with lower trading volumes, which may lead to higher transaction and tracking costs.

Takeaway: For convenience and cost-effectiveness, Nifty 50 remains the easier choice to invest in.

5. Investor Type

Nifty 50: This is for conservative or first-time investors. So, if you are an investor who is looking for long-term investment and stability, this should be your pick.

Nifty 500: This is suited for experienced investors. These must be the people who are ready to take higher risk and enjoy longer investment horizons.

Takeaway: If you are starting out, go for Nifty 50. Add Nifty 500 later on. But if you are looking to add short and long-term investment options that offer growth and stability, combine both.

In summary, Nifty 50 focuses on strength and consistency. But, the Nifty 500 provides depth and opportunity. So, the choice will be based on the needs like stability and growth combined with your risk profile as well.

Conclusion

When comparing Nifty 50 vs Nifty 500, there are so many things to consider. Both the indices help you to understand the economy well. Where one is narrow focused, the other is quite diversified. Both follow the simple idea of the market capitalization. This makes these two indicators a true sign of the economy’s performance.

If you are a cautious investor who values stability, Nifty 50 is the smarter choice. But if you want long-term capital appreciation and broader exposure, Nifty 500 is for you.

But when you plan to invest in either, you must check and analyze well. Also, expert guidance is important. This is where you can connect and register on Pocketful. With proper details and support, you can start your investment journey with confidence.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the main difference in performance between Nifty 50 and Nifty 500?
The Nifty 50 vs Nifty 500 is mainly focused on market representation. The former focuses on large-cap companies only. But the latter focuses on the small, mid, and large-cap companies altogether. So, the latter is a better sign of market performance during volatility.
Is Nifty 500 riskier than Nifty 50?
Yes. Nifty 500 vs nifty 50 comparison shares that the former is riskier. It includes small-cap companies as well which are more volatile in nature.
Which is better for beginners – Nifty 50 or Nifty 500?
Beginners should start with Nifty 50. The main reason is that this is simple, stable, and easy to track. Nifty 500 can be added later for diversification.
Can I invest in both Nifty 50 and Nifty 500 index funds?
Yes. Combining both helps balance safety with growth potential. This can offer you a good portfolio that can help you in short and long duration both.
Why should investors do a Nifty 500 before choosing?
A nifty 500 comparison helps investors understand the level of diversification, returns, and risk involved, ensuring that the chosen index matches their long-term financial plan.

December 30, 2025

Big Bulls of Indian Stock Market: The Complete List

The Indian Stock market is often moved by the influential Indian investors who are often known for their high-conviction investment ideas and opportunities from the mid and small-cap segments. Their timely actions and deep research often drive trends, inspire confidence, and influence long-term wealth creation across diverse market participants.

In today’s blog post, we will give you an overview of the Top Big Bulls of the Indian Stock Market, along with their overview and net worth.

Who are Big Bulls?

Big Bulls refers to the high-profile Indian investors who are well known for their high-conviction investment ideas. Based on their research, they can identify the multibaggers. They primarily focus on long-term investment strategies instead of short-term trading.

Top Big Bulls of the Indian Stock Market

Rakesh Jhunjhunwala
Radha Kishan Damani
Ashish Dhawan
Raamdeo Agarwal
Mukul Agarwal
Sunil Singhania
Ashish Kacholia
Vijay Kedia
Ramesh Damani
Premji and Associates

Overview of the Top 10 Big Bulls of the Indian Market

1. Rakesh Jhunjhunwala

He was a renowned Indian investor known for his bullish outlook towards the market. He is also known as the “Big Bull of Indian Market” or the “Warren Buffett of India”. He began his journey as a chartered accountant and started investing from INR 5000. He is also the co-founder of an airline called Akasa Air. He believes in the philosophy of long-term investing. He was awarded with the Padma Shri award. He died in August 2022.

Net Worth: At the time of the death of Rakesh Jhunjhunwala, his net worth was estimated at around 40000 crores.

2. Radha Kishan Damani

He has founded one of the largest retail chain businesses known as D-mart and has become a successful investor. He started his career as a broker and started investing in stocks. He followed the principle of value investing. In 2021, he also received the Padma Shri and served as a mentor to Rakesh Jhunjhunwala.

Networth: Based on the recent reports, he has an estimated net worth of around 175000 crores.

3. Ashish Dhawan

He is a famous Indian investor and a known philanthropist in the education sector. He has worked with various global companies such as Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs, etc. He follows a value-oriented investment strategy. Ashish Dhawan founded Chris Capital in 1999, which later became one of India’s most successful private equity firms. However, in 2012, he officially retired from the company and became a full-time philosopher.

Net Worth: The total net worth of Ashish Dhawan is expected to be around 4000 crores INR.

4. Raamdeo Agarwal

He is the chairman of Motilal Oswal Group, a co-founder of Motilal Oswal Financial Services and a renowned Indian investor. Along with this, he is also a chartered accountant. Raamdeo Agarwal founded the concept of QGLP, which stands for Quality Growth Longevity Price. He has also received the Rashtriya Samman Patra by CBDT.

Net Worth: According to the public reports, he is estimated to have a net worth of around 12000 crores INR.

5. Mukul Agarwal

Mukul Agarwal began his career in the late 1990s by trading unlisted IPOs and made a lot of INR. In 1993, he started Param Capital, which primarily managed private and public portfolios. He also started Agarwal Corporates in 1993 to focus on teaching people about money and running workshops on the stock market. He started Finowing in 2022. It is mostly a training school. This has a Guinness World Record for organising a big “Financial Freedom Conclave.”

Net Worth: Mukul Agarwal is estimated to have a net worth of around 7500 crores.

6. Sunil Singhania

He is a well-known Indian investor, fund manager and a qualified chartered accountant. He had started his career by working as an equity research analyst, and later he joined Nippon India Mutual Fund as a fund manager. In 2018, he started his own firm in the name of Abakkus Asset Manager Private Limited, focusing on portfolio management services, and is managing an AUM of around 11500 crores. He became the first Indian to be elected to the board of the CFA Institute.

Net Worth: Based on the latest public reports, he has a net worth of around 2200 crores INR.

7. Ashish Kacholia

Ashish Kacholia, a renowned and successful Indian trader and investor, is particularly renowned for his investments in small-cap and mid-cap companies, which have demonstrated significant growth potential. He is often referred to on the Indian stock market as the “Big Bull of Small Caps.” He was a chartered accountant before getting into the stock market and beginning his career as an investor. Other names for him in the Indian stock market are “Wiz Kid” and “Big Whale.” He initially began at Prime Securities before starting the broking company Lucky Securities in 2003.

Net Worth: Ashish Kacholia is estimated to have a net worth of approximately ₹ 3,400 crores.

8. Vijay Kedia

He is a well-known Indian investor from Kolkata, popularly known for their picks in multibaggers from the small and mid-cap segment. He started his trading career at the age of 19; however, he became popular in 2004-2005. Unlike other traders, Vijay used to follow the principle of long-term investing. He does not stick to only one specific sector; instead, he uses diversification to diversify his portfolio across multiple sectors. He is also the founder and CEO of Kedia Securities Private Limited.

Net Worth: Vijay Kedia’s net worth is around 2000 Crores INR.

9. Ramesh Damani

Ramesh Damani was an MBA from California State University. In the early days of his career, he started working as a broker, but later he shifted his focus to long-term investing. He gained success once he invested in the IT companies during 1993 or before the dotcom bubble. And later in 2000, he identified the growth opportunity in the liquor industry. He is also the chairman of the popular retail store Avenue Supermart.

Net Worth: Based on the recent report filings, he is estimated to have a net worth of around 100 crores INR.

10. Premji and Associates

This refers to the private business office managed by Azim Premji, who is also the founder and chairman of Wipro. He started his journey from his small family business and later established Wipro, an IT firm. He founded Premji Invest to manage the family wealth, and for this takes the help of professionals. He officially announced his retirement in 2019 and stepped down from the position of Chairman of Wipro.

Net Worth: The net worth of Azim Premji is estimated to be around 1 lakh crores INR.

Conclusion

On a concluding note, the Indian stock market provides equal opportunity to everyone, but only a few individuals have grabbed such an opportunity and become legendary investors. It’s all possible because of their long-term investment approach and ability to identify the multibagger stocks based on their research. However, it is advisable not to copy their stock portfolio, but one should conduct their own research and become a successful investor, and also make sure you consult your investment advisor before making any investment.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Who are referred to as Big Bulls in the Indian Stock Market?
In the Indian Stock Market, Big Bulls are referred to the investors who have become successful by investing in the market, and are very influential. They are also able to spot multibagger stocks and have high net worth.
In India, who is the most popular Big Bull?
Late Rakesh Jhunjhunwala is generally considered the most influential Big Bull.
Where can I get the latest portfolio of big Indian investors?
Various websites regularly track the portfolio of big Indian investors, and exchanges also update their holdings.
Do Big Bulls of the Indian Stock Market trade daily?
No, big bulls of the Indian Stock Market do not trade regularly; however, their primary focus is on long-term investing.
Name some Big Bulls of the Indian Stock Market?
The famous Indian Stock Market Big Bulls are Rakesh Jhunjhunwala, Ashish Kacholia, Vijai Kedia, Sunil Singhania, Premji and Associates, etc.

December 29, 2025

Best Sugar Stocks in India

Sugar has always been a part of India’s everyday life because no one in India likes to sip their morning tea without sugar, but behind the scenes, it is also a major driver of rural livelihoods. Millions of farmers depend on sugarcane, and the industry backs everything from ethanol to electricity generation. Over the past few years, the sector has started shifting in a new direction, due to the government’s push.

In this blog, we will look at the list of sugar stocks factors to keep an eye on before you invest in them.

Overview of the Sugar Industry in India

India has been one of the world’s leading sugar producers and consumers, and that naturally makes the sugar industry a lifeline for rural areas. A huge number of farmers rely on sugarcane for their livelihood, and the sector feeds several allied industries, including ethanol, power generation, and various by-products.

The sector was known for its ups and downs for years. Recently, however, the thighs have started to shift. The sugar companies have received a much-needed kick.

The push to reach 20% ethanol blending by the government has provided the sector with a new and more stable revenue stream.

Sugar production relies largely on the monsoon, particularly in states like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra or Karnataka. Weak or uneven monsoon can disrupt the supply, and excess rain can destroy crops. In addition to this, policies such as the Minimum Selling Price (MSP) for sugar and the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) for cane continue to influence the way mills conduct their operations every season and help in keeping the long-term narrative positive

List of Best Sugar Stocks 2026

S. No.	Company	CMP (In INR)	Market Capitalization (In Crores)	3 Year Returns %(Absolute Returns)	52-Week High (In INR)	52-Week Low (In INR)
1	EID Parry (India) Ltd.	998	17,762	64.6	1,246	639
2	Balrampur Chini Mills Ltd.	440	8,894	11.6	628	408
3	Shree Renuka Sugars Ltd.	26	5,427	-59.2	41.3	24.7
4	Dalmia Sugar & Industries Ltd.	293	2,372	-30	465	279
5	Uttam Sugar Mills Ltd.	255	975	-14.5	330	171
6	Dhampur Sugar Mills Ltd.	123	809	-52.6	172	110
7	Bajaj Hindusthan Sugar Ltd.	18.6	2371	–	32.8	16.5
8	Triveni Engineering & Industries Ltd.	375	8,206	27.3	536	313

(As of 19 December 2025)

Best Sugar Stocks 2026 – An Overview

1. EID Parry (India) Ltd.

EID Parry is one of India’s oldest companies, and was founded in 1788. It entered the sugar business in the 1800s and slowly grew into a major player across South India. Over time, the company expanded into bio-products, nutraceuticals, and ethanol, giving it a strong and diverse foundation.

2. Balrampur Chini Mills Ltd.

Balrampur Chini Mills Ltd. was established in 1975, and since then, it has expanded to be one of the largest integrated sugar companies in India with only one unit. It was based in Uttar Pradesh and was able to expand through the acquisition and upgrading of plants. Power generation and ethanol production were later added to the company.

3. Shree Renuka Sugars Ltd.

Shree Renuka Sugars was founded in 1995 and grew rapidly to be one of the largest sugar refiners in India. It has grown and ventured into international markets by acquiring Brazilian companies, and subsequently, it joined Wilmar, which is one of the largest agribusinesses in the world. The company boasts of a huge refining capacity, a robust ethanol business and a huge export base.

4. Dalmia Bharat Sugar & Industries Ltd.

Part of the Dalmia Bharat Group, the company entered the sugar business in 1994 with a single unit. Over the years, it expanded across Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra, adding distilleries and power co-generation.

5. Uttam Sugar Mills Ltd.

Uttam Sugar Mills, founded in 1993, is known for its well-run plants in Uttar Pradesh. The company gradually expanded its production capacity and entered the ethanol segment as well. While it is relatively smaller than the big names, its performance and growing distillery operations make it a good mid-cap option in the sugar sector stocks.

6. Dhampur Sugar Mills Ltd.

Dhampur Sugar Mills started in 1933 and is known for being one of the pioneers in high-recovery sugarcane processing in India. Based in Uttar Pradesh, the company expanded into ethanol, power generation, and chemicals, becoming a fully integrated sugar business.

7. Bajaj Hindusthan Sugar Ltd.

Bajaj Hindusthan Sugar, established in 1931, is one of the largest sugar producers in Asia. With most of its operations in Uttar Pradesh, the company grew rapidly through new mills and large-scale capacity expansions. It also built a strong presence in ethanol production.

8. Triveni Engineering & Industries Ltd.

Triveni Engineering & Industries Ltd. was founded in 1932 and has developed into a diversified industrial group. Although sugar is a major part of its business, it also has a strong engineering department that prepares turbines and water treatment systems.

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

S. no	Company	ROE (in %)	ROCE (in %)	Debt-to-Equity	P/E (x)
1	EID Parry (India) Ltd.	9.54	16.6	0.31	17.5
2	Balrampur Chini Mills Ltd.	11	10.2	0.2	21.8
3	Shree Renuka Sugars Ltd.	10.6	25.5	-3.5	-19.56
4	Dalmia Bharat Sugar & Industries Ltd.	4.15	5.58	0.4	34
5	Uttam Sugar Mills Ltd.	11.9	11.2	0.35	8.91
6	Dhampur Sugar Mills Ltd.	4.44	5.86	0.43	14
7	Bajaj Hindusthan Sugar Ltd.	-0.54	1.15	0.87	-14.48
8	Triveni Engineering & Industries Ltd.	8.13	8.65	0.25	31.4

(As of 19 December 2025)

Factors to Consider before Investing in Sugar Stocks

Sugar is a Cyclical Business – Sugar prices are not constant; they fluctuate up and down with production. When the monsoons are good, the output is usually high, and the prices are usually low and when the weather is poor, the supply becomes tight. Knowledge of these cycles prevents buying at the wrong price.
Ethanol Capacity Matters a Lot – These days, sugar companies with strong ethanol production capacities generally perform better. Ethanol offers steady demand and better margins compared to sugar. So, always check how much of a company’s revenue comes from ethanol.
Government Policies – Sugar is a highly regulated sector. Prices, export limits, and cane procurement rules, everything can all change based on government decisions.
Weather and Monsoon Trends – Since sugarcane is a water-intensive crop, rainfall is a big deciding factor. Weak monsoons can reduce output, while excess rain can damage crops. A quick look at rainfall trends can often tell you what to expect in the upcoming season.
Global Sugar Prices Influence the Market – Even though India is a major producer, global prices still impact export opportunities. Higher international prices can boost Indian sugar stocks, while low prices can reduce export margins.

Read Also: List Of Best FMCG Stocks In India

Conclusion

Today, the sugar industry is not like it was before. The long-term outlook is more promising than it has been, due to the stable government policy and increasing demand for greener fuel. Undoubtedly, the common pitfalls are still present, yet robust and diversified companies can manage them and keep expanding. When you are considering investing in sugar stocks, it is possible to make your experience successful by selecting those very stable and future-oriented companies. When handled properly, the industry can become an unexpectedly profitable and value-added addition to your portfolio.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can sugar stocks be a good investment in 2025?
Yes, they can be a value addition to your portfolio, but they still carry cyclical risks.
Which states produce the most sugar in India?
Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka are the top producers.
How do we evaluate the performance of sugar companies’ stocks?
Sugar companies’ stock performance can be evaluated based on various factors, such as revenue, net profit margins, inventory turnover ratios, geographical diversification, and production capacity.
What are the long-term prospects of the sugar sector?
Sugar companies’ future outlook is bright due to the increase in the population and disposable income of consumers, which will raise the demand for sugar. Further, the government of India has set a target of 20% ethanol blending in petrol by 2026, which will further improve sugar stocks’ revenues.
What are the various factors that affect sugar stock prices?
Various factors affect sugar stock prices, including but not limited to: government regulation, commodity prices, technological development, etc.
How important is ethanol for sugar companies?
Ethanol has become a major revenue source and helps sugar mills stay profitable even when sugar prices decline.
Are sugar stocks good when it comes to long-term investments?
They can be good if the company is diversified enough to bear the cyclical nature of the sector.
Do global sugar prices affect Indian stocks?
Yes, higher international prices can boost exports, which often supports Indian sugar stocks.

December 28, 2025

What Is a Ponzi Scheme? Meaning, Scam & India Laws

Nowadays, cases of fraud in the name of investment are constantly emerging on both online and offline platforms. Among such fraudulent methods, Ponzi schemes are considered to be the most harmful. Many people, confident of high and “guaranteed” returns, invest money without due diligence, only to later realize they have fallen victim to a Ponzi scam. In this article, you will understand in simple terms the meaning of Ponzi, its working method, major Ponzi scams in India, and important measures to avoid them.

Ponzi Meaning: Definition and Historical Background

Ponzi Meaning refers to a fraudulent investment scheme in which returns to existing investors are made from the money of new investors, rather than from any actual business or profits. The term originated in America around 1920, when a man named Charles Ponzi defrauded people of crores of dollars by luring them with promises of high profits in a short period of time. Later, this method became a symbol of investment fraud across the world. Today, Ponzi Scheme refers to any system where earnings are made not from a real business but from new investments by misleading people.

What Is a Ponzi Scheme and How It Works

What is a Ponzi scheme? It refers to an investment fraud in which returns are not derived from a real business, profit, or asset, but from the money of new investors. Initially, the scheme’s owner makes timely payments to a few early investors, building trust and encouraging others to invest.

How Ponzi Scheme Works ?

How an Investment Scam Is Created : A Ponzi scheme always begins with an attractive offer promising high, “guaranteed” returns in a short period of time. Often, it’s linked to real estate, the stock market, crypto, fixed income, or a secret business model to make the scheme appear trustworthy.
How Initial Investors Get Returns : Initial investors are paid returns over time. However, this money is not from profits, but from the funds of new investors. This makes people believe the scheme is working well, and they start investing again.
How Trust and Networks Spread : Investors who receive initial returns often refer to their friends, relatives, and acquaintances. This way, the scheme’s reach expands rapidly, and new investors’ money continues to flow in.
Why There’s No Real Business or Income : A Ponzi scheme lacks any real business, product, or service that can generate income. The entire system runs solely on new investments. As long as new money keeps coming in, the scheme continues to operate.

Who Is a Ponzi Schemer and What Are Their Tactics

Professional Identity of a Ponzi Schemer : A Ponzi schemer often presents himself as a successful businessman, investment advisor, or financial expert, so that people can easily trust him.
Psychological Tactics to Build Trust : They target people’s greed, fear, and desire to get rich quickly, using tactics like “low risk, high returns” to create psychological pressure.
Social Proof and Abuse of Authority : The scheme is made to appear credible by using fake stories of successful investors, screenshots of fake returns, and the names of well-known individuals.
Misuse of Digital Platforms and Networks : Today, WhatsApp, Telegram, social media, and influencer networks connect people on a large scale, allowing the scheme to spread rapidly.

Ponzi Scheme vs Pyramid Scheme

Base	Ponzi Scheme	Pyramid Scheme
Structure	In this, complete control is with one person or company, which collects money from investors.	In this, every person has to add new people, which creates a pyramid-like structure.
Revenue Flow	Returns to old investors are paid from the money of new investors.	Those at the top earn from the joining fees and investments of newcomers.
Recruitment Role	Investors are not usually directly responsible for connecting others.	Every member needs to add new people to earn money.
Control System	The entire system is controlled by a single person or group.	The system is divided into several levels.
Legal Status in India	This is completely illegal and amounts to fraud.	This is also illegal and is considered an offence under the Chit Fund and Fraud Acts.
Reason for Collapse	When new investors stop coming in	When new people stop joining

Key Warning Signs of a Ponzi Scam

Promise of Guaranteed Returns : If an investment guarantees fixed profits without risk, this is considered a key indicator of a Ponzi scam, as returns are never guaranteed in real investments.
Lack of Transparency in the Business Model : If the person running the scheme fails to clearly state how and from which source the profits are being earned, this is a serious warning.
Lack of Registration with SEBI or RBI : Legitimate investment schemes in India are subject to regulatory bodies. If a scheme is not registered with these regulations, trusting it is risky.
Pressure to Invest Immediately : Using phrases like “Today is the last chance” or “Seats are limited” is a common tactic of Ponzi scams.
Referral-Based Earnings : When the primary source of income becomes the addition of new people, rather than profits from a genuine business, the scheme becomes suspicious.
Disruptions in Withdrawals : Not receiving returns on time, repeated excuses, or restrictions on withdrawals are clear signs that the scheme is flawed.

Legal Status of Ponzi Schemes in India and Regulatory Oversight

Ponzi schemes are completely illegal in India : In India, Ponzi schemes are considered fraudulent by law. Such schemes are strictly prohibited under the Unlawful Bond Schemes Act, 2019 (BUDS Act). Under this law, collecting money from the public, operating, or promoting such schemes without permission is a crime.
Key Laws Applicable to Fraud : Investigations into Ponzi cases are prosecuted under Section 420 (Fraud) of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), the Companies Act, and the BUDS Act, 2019. These offenses can result in arrest, fines, and even confiscation of property.
Regulatory Role of SEBI and RBI : If a scheme is related to the stock market, mutual funds, or investments, SEBI oversees it. Deposit schemes and banking matters are overseen by the RBI. Any legitimate investment scheme is registered under these methods.
Role of the Enforcement Directorate and State Governments : If money laundering or large-scale money laundering is detected in a Ponzi scam, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) investigates. State governments can initiate the process of returning the money to engineers by seizing the assets of the enforcers under the BUDS Act.
Legal Platforms for Engineers to File Complaints : Investors who have fallen victim to Ponzi scams can file complaints through the SEBI SCORES portal, the Cyber Crime Portal, and their local police station. This initiates the legal investigation process.

What To Do If You Have Invested in a Ponzi Scheme

Immediately stop new investments and control the situation : The first and most important step is to immediately stop investing in the scheme. Often, people reinvest in the hope of withdrawing their old money, further compounding their losses. Avoiding emotional decisions is crucial at this time.
Preserve all documents and digital evidence : Preserve your payment receipts, bank statements, UPI transactions, chat records, emails, website links, and app screenshots. All this evidence is crucial for further legal action and filing a complaint.
File a complaint on an official platform : Investors can file a complaint online on the Cyber Crime Portal (cybercrime.gov.in). If the matter involves investments or securities, a complaint can also be filed on SEBI’s SCORES portal. Filing an FIR at the nearest police station is also an important step.
Legal Advice and Collective Action Options : If the loss is significant, it is beneficial to consult a financial crime lawyer. In many cases, investors who are affected together file collective action, which increases both the possibility and pressure of recovery.

How to Protect Yourself from Ponzi Scams?

Develop proper information and understanding before investing : Before investing in any scheme, it’s crucial to understand its business model, source of returns, and risks. Incomplete information and the desire to get rich quickly are the biggest causes of Ponzi scams.
Be sure to check the company’s registration and legal status : Every legitimate investment company is registered with SEBI, RBI, or MCA (Ministry of Corporate Affairs). It’s a safe practice to verify the company’s registration number and license on their official website before investing.
Avoid investing based on emotions : Decisions made based on reasons like “guaranteed returns,” “last chance,” or “a friend invested” often lead to losses. Investments should always be based on logic, data, and risk assessment.
Trust only regulated and diversified investments : Instead of investing all your money in a single scheme, diversified investments in regulated options like mutual funds, fixed deposits, and the stock market significantly reduce risk.

Conclusion

Ponzi schemes are serious financial frauds that can lead to the loss of hard-earned money by luring people with the promise of large returns. Proper knowledge of their mechanisms, warning signs, and legal status plays a vital role in protecting investors from such scams. In today’s digital age, vigilance, accurate information, and choosing regulated investment options are the safest paths. An informed investor not only protects their own money but also helps others avoid financial loss.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is a Ponzi scheme?
It is a fraudulent scheme in which old investors are paid using new ones.
Is a Ponzi scheme legal in India?
No, it is completely illegal in India and is subject to strict laws.
How to know if an investment is a Ponzi scam?
Guaranteed returns and an unclear business model are major red flags.
What to do if I lose money in a Ponzi scheme?
File a complaint immediately and preserve all evidence.
Are Ponzi and Pyramid schemes the same?
No, they are different, but both are considered fraudulent.

December 28, 2025

Mixed Economy in India: Key Facts & Overview

The most important question in understanding India’s economy is: is India a mixed economy? The coexistence of government services and private companies in everyday life is the hallmark of this model. In this blog, we’ll explain in simple terms what a mixed economy is, why the Indian economy is called a mixed economy, and why India has adopted this economic structure today. The focus of this article will be on how this model works in changing times and how it affects us.

What is a Mixed Economy?

A mixed economy is an economic system in which both the government and the private sector jointly drive the economy. This means that there is freedom of trade in the market, as well as government oversight and intervention where necessary. Its goal is to maintain the pace of development while also ensuring social security.

A mixed economy has three key elements:

Coexistence of both sectors : For example, in banking, both public and private banks are active.
Regulation : Institutions like the RBI, SEBI, and TRAI keep the market safe and transparent.
Public Welfare vs. Profit Balance : The government intervenes in critical sectors such as health, food security, and education to ensure access to services for all, while the private sector brings innovation and efficiency.

For example, in India, both government and private services work together in sectors such as health, telecom, banking, and transportation. This model is not a compromise, but a strategic mix that balances the risks of excessive capitalism or complete socialism. For this reason, even today many big countries including India adopt this economic system.

Why India Adopted a Mixed Economy After Independence

India formally adopted a mixed economy in 1948 with its first Industrial Policy. After independence, the country faced a severe shortage of large industries, capital, and technology. Consequently, it was clear that neither the private sector nor the government could handle everything.

The Industrial Policy of 1956 further clarified that heavy and strategic sectors like railways, energy, and steel would remain with the government, while private companies would be given the opportunity to grow in other sectors.

In simple terms, at that time, India needed both rapid growth and social security. A mixed economy could provide this balance hence its adoption.

Main reasons

Lack of Industry and Capital : After independence, the country lacked large industries, machinery, and capital. Private companies could not handle the massive sector alone, so the government had to step in and build infrastructure.
Poverty and Inequality : At that time, incomes were low and inequality was high. If the entire system had been in private hands, many people would have been deprived of even basic amenities. This forced the government to play a major role in welfare.
Government Control over Essential Sectors : It was not safe to hand over sectors like railways, defense, and electricity to private hands. Therefore, the government retained these vital sectors to ensure the country’s basic needs remained stable.
The private sector’s momentum was also essential : The government alone could not do everything. The private sector’s contribution was essential for new companies, innovation, and job creation, so it was given free rein.
Balance in Planned Development : The Planning Commission’s plans set the direction, and the private sector created new opportunities in that direction. This synergy made Mixed Economy the right choice for India.

Evolution of India’s Mixed Economy

Time Period	What changed?
1950–1980	The government controlled major industries (steel, electricity, and railways). The private sector was small. License Raj and protectionism were prevalent.
1991 (Reforms)	Liberalization followed the economic crisis. Licenses were reduced, foreign direct investment (FDI) came in, and the private sector grew rapidly.
2000–2010	The IT boom, mobile phones, and the internet have transformed the economy. India is more connected to global markets.
2014–Present	Digital India, UPI, Aadhaar, and the rapid growth of startups. Government involvement in core sectors, but private sector innovation. Emphasis on Make in India and privatization.

Key Features of the Indian Economy as a Mixed Economy

The Government and Private Sectors Work Together : In India, the government manages some essential sectors such as railways, energy, and defense while private companies are rapidly growing in IT, telecom, and services. Their combined role balances the economy.
The Market is Open, but Also Regulated : Companies have freedom of operation, but institutions like the RBI and SEBI monitor sensitive sectors like banking and the stock market to ensure a reliable system.
The Government Leads in Social Schemes : Schemes like MNREGA, the ration scheme, and Ayushman Bharat ensure that essential services reach every segment of society and that development is not limited to cities.
Some Sectors Are Managed by the Government : Sectors like defense, railways, and petroleum are linked to national security and stability, so they are more under government control.
The Private Sector Drives Innovation : Fintech, electric vehicles, and startups are rapidly expanding new technologies and employment opportunities in India. The government provides the environment, and private companies provide the direction.
The model has changed over time : Earlier, the government had a larger mandate, but today the private sector is more active. The government now sets the direction, and the market progresses accordingly.

How the Mixed Economy Works in Real Life

Government and Private Options in Banking : In India, you simultaneously experience the convenience of PSU banks (like SBI, PNB) and the fast service of private banks (HDFC, ICICI). Furthermore, fintech apps like UPI, PhonePe, and Paytm have made money transactions even easier. Together, these make banking secure, fast, and accessible to all.
Two Different Models in Healthcare : There’s a network of government hospitals, where treatment is affordable, and on the other hand, there are private hospitals that offer faster care and better infrastructure. In between, health-tech companies (like Practo and Tata 1mg) have also emerged, simplifying everything from booking to online consultations.
Versatile Options in Transportation : While Indian Railways offers affordable travel, private airlines offer fast and convenient travel. Services like Ola, Uber, and Metro make mobility more convenient in cities. The availability of such diverse options within a single country is a clear reflection of a mixed economy.
What benefits do people gain : This system provides consumers with choice, price diversity, and a government safety net if needed. Whether it’s affordable rail travel, premium flights, the free payment system of UPI, or the convenience of private apps both models coexist in India.

Advantages of India Being a Mixed Economy

Balance in Development : This model combines both government and private sector roles, enabling a strong economy and stability in critical sectors. This promotes growth and welfare simultaneously
Consumer Choice and Better Services : Private companies promote competition, providing better quality and more options in banking, telecom, healthcare, and transportation. Government services maintain affordability.
Security in Essential Sectors : Government control over sectors such as railways, defense, and energy ensures national interests are protected and prices are not subject to sudden fluctuations.
Fostering Innovation : Private companies drive rapid innovation in sectors such as fintech, startups, and electric vehicles. The government provides policy and framework, enabling both to jointly create new possibilities.
Government Support in Times of Crisis : In situations like COVID-19, the government is able to ensure subsidies, relief packages, and essential supplies. The mixed model prevents the private sector from bearing the brunt of the crisis.

Challenges of Mixed Economy in India

Slow Implementation of Policies : Government processes are often slow, preventing many projects from being completed on time and hindering coordination with the private sector.
Conflict of Responsibilities : In some sectors, the roles of the government and private companies are not clearly defined, leading to confusion and reduced efficiency.
Low Productivity of the Public Sector : Outdated systems and a lack of resources in many government institutions impact their performance.
Growing Influence of the Private Sector in Certain Sectors : Private companies sometimes capture such a large market share that small businesses and local players are left behind.
Complexity of Regulations : Different rules from various regulatory bodies increase business difficulties, especially for new and small enterprises.

Conclusion

The advantage of India’s mixed economy is that it allows both forces to work together. Some tasks are better done by the government, others by private companies, and this combined effort creates a balance. Over the years, the country has adapted this model to suit its needs. This synergy will continue to drive our growth in the future security and infrastructure on one hand, and new technology and speed on the other.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is a mixed economy?
A mixed economy is one where the government and private companies work together.
Is India a mixed economy?
Yes, absolutely. We have an equal share of both railways and startups.
Why did India choose this model?
After independence, the country had limited resources, so rapid development was difficult without the support of both.
Which sectors does the government handle?
For example, railways, defense, and energy the government runs these sectors because they are vital to the country.
How does the private sector help?
Private companies bring new technology, faster services, and job opportunities.

December 27, 2025

Best Debt ETFs to Invest in India

Fixed-income investment options are very limited in the Indian investment universe. And bonds, etc., are the concepts which are not very familiar to retail investors. But thanks to the evolution of debt ETFs in the Indian market, now a retail investor can easily invest in Debt ETFs through their demat and trading account.

In today’s blog post, we will give you an overview of the best Debt ETFs to invest in India, along with the key benefits of investing in them.

What are Debt ETFs?

A debt ETF is a type of exchange-traded fund offered by asset management companies which primarily invests investors’ money in bonds or fixed income securities such as government bonds, corporate bonds, etc., having different maturities. They are traded on the stock exchange like any other stock; therefore, one is required to have a demat account to invest in Debt ETFs.

Features of Debt ETFs

The key features of debt ETFs are as follows:

Fixed Income: Debt ETFs invest investors’ money in fixed-income securities such as corporate bonds, government securities, etc.
Less Risk: As the investment is made in fixed income securities and they are less volatile and provide a more stable return.
Demat Account: As ETFs are traded on the stock exchange, hence demat account is mandatory to invest in ETFs, you can easily open your Demat & Trading account on Pocketful and start investing seamlessly.
Low Cost: ETFs generally have lower fees compared to other actively managed debt funds.

Types of Debt ETFs

There are various categories of Debt ETFs; a few of such types are mentioned below:

Gilt ETFs: Gilt ETFs invest only in Government securities with 5 or 10 years’ maturity.
Corporate Bonds ETFs: The Corporate Bond ETF invests investor money in bonds issued by different corporations.
Money Market ETFs: These ETFs invest in different debt securities having a maturity of up to one year.

Read Also: Best ETFs in India

List of Best Debt ETFs

Below is the list of Debt ETFs based on the last year’s returns:

S. No.	Funds	1 Yr Ret (%)
S. No.	Funds	1 Yr Ret (%)
1	Aditya Birla Sun Life US Treasury 3-10 year Bond ETFs FoF – Regular Plan	12.43
2	Aditya Birla Sun Life US Treasury 1-3 year Bond ETFs FoF – Regular Plan	10.83
3	BHARAT Bond ETF – April 2031	9.23
4	BHARAT Bond ETF – April 2030	9.05
5	BHARAT Bond ETF FOF – April 2032 – Regular Plan	9.02
6	BHARAT Bond ETF – April 2032	8.93
7	BHARAT Bond ETF – April 2033	8.74
8	ICICI Prudential Nifty 5 yr Benchmark G-SEC ETF	8.7
9	Nippon India ETF Nifty 5 yr Benchmark G-Sec	8.5
10	BHARAT Bond ETF FOF – April 2033 – Regular Plan	8.48
11	UTI Nifty 5 yr Benchmark G-Sec ETF	8.13
12	Motilal Oswal Nifty 5 year Benchmark G-Sec ETF	8.12
13	Nippon India ETF Nifty 8-13 yr G-Sec Long Term Gilt	7.69
14	Mirae Asset Nifty 8-13 yr G-Sec ETF	7.66
15	SBI Nifty 10 yr Benchmark G-Sec ETF	7.36
16	Aditya Birla Sun Life CRISIL 10 Year Gilt ETF	7.35
17	ICICI Prudential Nifty 10 yr Benchmark G-Sec ETF	7.28
18	UTI Nifty 10 yr Benchmark G-Sec ETF	7.12
19	Axis Nifty AAA Bond Plus SDL Apr 2026 50:50 ETF	7.06
20	Aditya Birla Sun Life CRISIL Broad Based Gilt ETF	6.97

(As of 1st Dec 2025)

How Do Debt ETFs Work

Debt ETFs work like any other ETFs issued by asset management companies. The fund collected from the investors is invested in the category of bonds in which it belongs. The fund manager of debt ETFs tries to replicate the performance of the underlying securities. The asset management company charges a nominal fee for managing the investment.

Benefits of Investing in Debt ETFs

The key benefits of investing in Debt ETFs are as follows:

Diversification: The investment in a debt ETF by an investor instantly diversifies into numerous fixed-income securities, which reduces the risk related to investment in an individual security.
Economical: As debt ETFs track the performance of the underlying security, they do not require any expertise from a fund manager.
Liquidity: As they are traded on a stock exchange like a stock, therefore one can easily liquidate them during the market or trading hours.

Read Also: Top 10 Smart Beta ETFs in India

Risk of Investing in Debt ETFs

The risks related to investing in Debt ETFs are as follows:

Interest Risk: Whenever the interest rate in the economy fluctuates, the debt ETFs are sensitive to such rate movements.
Credit Risk: This risk refers to the situation where the issuer of the securities faces a credit rating downgrade. If this happens, the value of ETFs will fall.
Tracking Error: However, debt ETFs tend to replicate the returns of underlying securities. Still, due to various factors such as expense ratios and cash holdings, there might be differences, which is known as tracking error.

Who Should Invest in Debt ETFs

Investment in debt ETFs is suitable for the following investors:

Conservative Investor: Investment in debt ETFs is suitable for conservative investors who want stable returns in their portfolio.
Low-Cost Investment: Investors seeking low-cost investment options in the debt category of mutual funds can consider investing in ETFs.
Market Savvy Investors: Only those investors who have a demat account and are comfortable with investing in debt ETFs can invest in it.

Read Also: Best Liquid ETFs in India

How to Invest in Debt ETFs

To invest in debt ETFs, one can follow the steps mentioned below:

Trading and Account: To invest in a Debt ETF, one is required to have a trading and demat account with a broker. You can open a lifetime free demat and trading account with Pocketful.
Choosing ETF: Thereafter, you are required to choose the ETF into which you want to invest; this depends on your investment objective and risk profile.
Adding Funds: Then you must add funds to your trading account to purchase such an ETF. There are various options, such as NEFT, RTGS, etc.
Purchasing: Once the fund starts to reflect in your account, you can execute the buy order to purchase the ETF of your choice.

Conclusion

On a concluding note, Debt ETFs are one of the most efficient and convenient methods of investing money in debt-related instruments. There are various debt ETFs available in the market from which you can choose a suitable one for you based on your investment objective and risk profile. They also carry certain risks, such as tracking error, interest rate risk, etc. Therefore, it is advisable to consult your investment advisor before making any investment in Debt ETFs.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are Debt ETFs?
Debt ETFs, or exchange-traded funds, are the investment option offered by Asset Management Companies to the investor. In which the fund manager invests in fixed income-related instruments such as corporate and government bonds, money market securities, etc.
Is it mandatory to have a demat account to invest in Debt ETFs?
Yes, as Debt ETFs are traded on the stock exchange like any other stocks, one must have a demat account to invest in them.
What are the major risks involved while investing in debt ETFs?
The key risks involved while investing in Debt ETFs are interest rate risk, credit risk, tracking error, etc.
Can I purchase Debt ETFs anytime?
Debt ETFs are traded on the stock exchange; therefore, you can purchase or sell them during the trading hours only.
Do Debt ETFs offer guaranteed returns?
No, debt ETFs are market-related investment options; hence, they do not offer guaranteed returns.

December 26, 2025

Index Funds vs Mutual Funds: Key Differences

Whenever you decide to invest in a mutual fund, the first question which will come to your mind is whether to go for an index fund or an actively managed fund. Both have their unique features, such as risk and returns.

In today’s blog post, we will give you an overview of index funds and active funds along with their key differences.

What is an Index Fund?

An index fund is a type of passive mutual fund in which the fund manager replicates the performance of an index, such as Nifty 50, BSE 100, etc. and tries to match the performance of the index which it replicates. They are considered a cost-effective investment option for new investors.

Features of an Index Fund

The key features of an index fund are as follows:

Passive Approach: The fund manager adopts a passive investment approach while managing an index fund. They do not actively choose stocks; instead, they replicate the index.
Cost-Efficient: Index funds offer a cost-efficient investment option. As the fund manager does not pick stocks actively, therefore, the management cost is very low.
Diversification: An index fund invests its money in various companies, which helps the fund manager in reducing risk.

Benefits of an Index Fund

The key benefits of investing in an index fund are as follows:

Cost-Effective: Index funds have a lower expense ratio; therefore, they are considered a cost-effective or low-cost investment option for investors.
Less Risk: By investing in an index fund, one can get exposure to various stocks, which reduces the risk of the portfolio.
Stable Return: The index fund’s post-return matches the returns posted by the index in which the fund is invested.

What are Actively Managed Mutual funds?

Actively managed funds are those mutual funds in which the fund manager actively chooses, buys and sells the securities to beat the market. Their stock picking depends on the internal research conducted by the fund manager; due to this active research, it involves a higher cost.

Features of an Actively Managed Fund

The key features of an actively managed fund are as follows:

Active Management: The Fund manager actively manages and designs the portfolio by conducting their own internal research.
Higher Returns: Active funds tend to post higher returns when compared to passively managed funds. Hence, the investor of an actively managed fund gets a higher return.
High Risk: Because of the active management of the fund by the fund manager, the risk increases because of higher volatility, and sometimes the fund might underperform the benchmark.

Benefits of an Actively Managed Fund

The key benefits of investing in an actively managed fund are as follows:

Outperformance: Actively managed funds have a higher potential to outperform the market because of active management of the portfolio by the fund manager.
Customisation: The fund manager actively includes the best-performing stocks and sells the underperforming stocks.
Long-term Goal: If an investor wishes to get exposure in a specific sector or style, an active fund provides a more customised portfolio to achieve their long-term goal.

Difference Between an Index Fund and an Actively Managed Fund

The key difference between an index fund and an active fund is as follows:

Particular	Index Fund	Active Fund
Approach	They use a passive investment strategy.	In an active management approach, the fund manager actively chooses the securities.
Return	They post returns in line with the benchmark, which it replicates.	They try to outperform the benchmark return.
Cost	An index fund involves lower costs because of a passive investment strategy.	Because of active involvement by the fund manager, it contains a higher expense ratio.
Risk	As stocks in index funds are not chosen by the fund manager, it involves less risk.	An active fund contains a higher risk due to the active selection of stocks by the fund manager.
Suitability	An index fund is suitable for investors looking for a cost-effective investment option.	It is suitable for investors looking for higher returns and who wish to take a higher risk.
Portfolio Turnover	Index funds have a lower turnover ratio because the portfolio changes only when there is a change in the constituents of the index.	Because of higher trades due to active management of the portfolio by the fund manager, the portfolio turnover ratio is comparatively much higher than index fund.

Which is Better Index Fund or an Actively Managed Fund

Choosing between an index fund and an actively managed fund totally depends on the investor’s risk profile and investment objective. If you are looking for a low-cost investment option with lower risk, and are comfortable with a limited return. On the other hand, an actively managed fund is only suitable for investors seeking a higher return, and for this, they are required to take a higher risk.

Conclusion

On a concluding note, both index fund and active fund have their unique advantages and disadvantages, and it totally depends on the investor’s risk profile and their investment objective. Active funds have a higher potential to outperform the market because of the active involvement of the fund manager. However, active funds involve higher risk and are suitable only for investors who wish to take higher risk for higher return. Therefore, it is advisable to consult your investment advisor before making any investment.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the key difference between an index fund and an active fund?
An index fund adopts a passive investment strategy, and on the other hand, in an active fund, the fund manager actively chooses the securities for the investment portfolio.
Which fund has lower fees, active or index?
A passive fund or index fund has a lower expense ratio when compared to an actively managed fund.
Do index funds carry lower risk?
Yes, an index fund carries comparatively lower risk because of diversification and lower volatility in the portfolio.
Do actively managed funds always outperform the index funds?
No, actively managed funds do not always outperform the index funds. It totally depends on the efficiency of the fund manager who manages and chooses the securities in the portfolio.
Which fund is suitable for a conservative investor?
For a conservative investor index or a passive fund is suitable as they are less volatile and have a lower expense ratio than active funds.

December 24, 2025

Types of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)Explained

When a company plans to grow outside its home country, it steps into foreign direct investment. This move helps a business build or buy operations in another market and gain long-term stability.

At its core, FDI is about taking real ownership in a foreign business. Through this companies can easily expand into new markets and can also acquire funds for supply chain, research, and other operations.

But before making the move, every business must understand which path suits them. In this guide, you will learn the key types of FDI, how foreign direct investment types work, and where common FDI types fit in global expansion.

What Is FDI?

Foreign Direct Investment, or FDI, is one of the forms of investment. It is when a company or investor from one country puts money into a business in another country. The main aim of the FDI is to help in gaining control, ownership, or long-term influence. It is not just buying shares. It involves building facilities, opening branches, or acquiring an existing company.

FDI helps firms enter new markets and create stable global partnerships. The key features of the FDI are as follows:

Investor gains ownership or controlling interest
Long-term commitment to foreign operations
Involves physical assets such as factories, offices, or acquisitions
Allows direct decision-making power in the business
Helps companies strengthen their global expansion plans

How FDI Works

FDI works when a company invests in another country and becomes directly involved in running the business. This can be done by buying an existing firm, opening a new unit, or forming a joint venture. The goal is long-term control, ownership, and steady expansion in the foreign market.

Now, to understand FDI better, it is important to know the works, which are as follows:

Step 1: Understand the Target Market

The company studies the country’s demand first. This is followed by knowing the rules, labour costs, taxes, and competition. This helps to see if expansion is practical.

Step 2: Select the Entry Route

If the results are positive, the company chooses to enter the market. The company now needs to decide on how to enter the market. This can be through partnership, merger, or even acquisition. The choice is based on the model that best matches. Opening a new unit altogether is also a choice.

Step 3: Allocate the Investment

Based on the choice of the route, the company commits capital. This is mainly to purchase assets, set up facilities, or buy a stake in the local business. This investment is basically to purchase the stake which offers you share access. This is what we call FDI.

Step 4: Obtain Ownership and Control

The investor secures voting rights, management control, or majority ownership to influence business decisions. This is one of the most important aspects that you must consider. It also involved certain rules and regulations to be implemented to ensure the rights of both parties are managed.

Step 5: Begin Operations

The new or acquired unit starts functioning with staff, production, services, and local compliance in place. As the operations begin, the company gain access to the local markets. This is mainly achieved by selling their products and services.

Step 6: Monitor and Expand

The investor manages performance. They support in making strategic decisions for future growth opportunities in the host country. Based on the changes in the local market, demand, and other aspects, changes in the plan are made. This ensures there is positive growth.

Factors That Affect FDI

When a company invests in another country, several conditions shape how attractive and viable that investment is. These factors influence both the amount of FDI and business performance. These include:

Large and expanding markets that support growth.
Political and economic factors that impact the reach and implementation.
Supportive tax rules for better profitability.
Sector incentives lower the costs of production and operation.
Access to skilled and affordable labour.
Strong infrastructure, like transport, power, and digital systems.
Clear regulations and quick approvals to speed the work.
Stable currency and open trade policies to reduce risk.

Types of FDI

Foreign direct investment comes in several forms. But each type supports a different expansion goal. Some help a company enter a new market with the same business, while others strengthen the supply chain or open doors to new industries. Understanding these types of FDI in India helps businesses choose the right path for global growth.

1. Horizontal FDI

Horizontal FDI happens when a company invests in the same line of business abroad that it already operates at home. A cosmetics brand opening retail stores in another country is a good example. This type offers familiarity, as the company works within its existing expertise, product range, and business model. It is one of the most common FDI types because the risk is lower than entering a new industry.

USP: Best for expanding a proven business model into new markets with minimal structural change.

2. Vertical FDI

Vertical FDI involves investing in a foreign business that supports a different stage of the company’s supply chain. Backward vertical FDI focuses on raw materials or component suppliers, while forward vertical FDI focuses on distribution and sales units. This type helps reduce production costs and strengthens supply chain efficiency. It is widely seen among types of foreign direct investment in manufacturing and retail.

USP: Ideal for gaining supply chain control, improving efficiency, and reducing external dependency.

3. Conglomerate FDI

Conglomerate FDI occurs when a company invests in a completely different industry abroad. A healthcare firm investing in a clothing business is one example. This type is often considered riskier. This is mainly because the company is entering an unfamiliar market. But it also helps diversify revenue streams. Also, it reduces sector-specific risks.

USP: Useful for risk diversification and expanding into high-potential but unrelated industries.

4. Platform FDI

Platform FDI is one where a company invest to use the platform of another company. This means a company invests in one foreign country but uses it to export goods or services to other countries. For instance, a firm setting up a plant in India. Now, say it uses it to export products to Southeast Asia. This is often driven by trade agreements, cost advantages, or strategic access to nearby markets.

USP: Best for using a country as a strategic export hub due to cost or trade benefits.

5. Greenfield FDI

Greenfield FDI happens when a company builds new facilities. This is done from scratch in a foreign country. This includes setting up new factories, offices, or distribution centres. It gives complete control over operations, culture, and processes. This is why it requires high investment and time. But at the same time, it offers long-term stability and strong brand presence.

USP: Ideal for full control, job creation, and building operations tailored to the company’s standards.

6. Brownfield FDI

Brownfield FDI occurs when a company acquires or merges with an existing business abroad. This type gives the investor access to ready infrastructure, trained staff, and an existing market presence. It allows quick entry and is often chosen when time or regulatory approvals are critical.

USP: Best for fast market entry with lower setup time and easier access to established operations.

Conclusion

Foreign direct investment supports global business growth. But this is only possible when you select the right types of FDI in India. At the same time, a focus on the amount of investment is also important.

Using the right approach will ensure that the company grows exponentially and across borders. This is one of the finest ways that can help a company become a global brand. Hence, focus on using FDI to build plans, supply chain, operations, and manage talent.

When used well, FDI helps companies grow faster and helps countries gain jobs, capital, and better technology. For clearer and useful finance guides, you can always explore more with Pocketful.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the main goal of FDI?
The main goal is to help a company enter a foreign market. This is with ownership and long-term control over its operations. This supports steady global expansion.
How is FDI different from portfolio investment?
FDI gives the investor direct control of business activities. But the portfolio investment only involves buying financial assets without management rights.
Which type of FDI is used most often?
Horizontal FDI is the most common. It is because companies expand with the same business model. This is a model that lowers risk and makes operations easier to manage.
Why do countries try to attract FDI?
Countries benefit from new capital, jobs, improved technology, and better infrastructure, which together support economic growth.
Is FDI risky for businesses?
It carries some risk due to new markets, rules, and competition. But careful research, planning, and strong local partnerships help reduce these challenges.

December 22, 2025

Dolly Khanna Portfolio 2026

Dolly Khanna has a knack for discovering small and mid-cap companies, which is why her portfolio updates are always eagerly awaited. Every quarter, her holdings give investors a peek into where she sees long-term potential and which themes she believes are ready to grow.

In 2025, her portfolio once again highlights her signature style, finding strong, simple, well-run businesses and staying invested while they quietly compound. Whether you are new to the market or someone who follows top investors for inspiration, looking at her latest moves can give you tons of useful insights.

In this blog, we will walk through her holdings, the sectors she is invested in, and the investment ideas you can take away from her approach.

Dolly Khanna – About & Background

Dolly Khanna is known for discovering small and mid-sized companies long before they turn into big stories. Her portfolio is actually managed by her husband, Rajiv Khanna, who has a deep passion for researching businesses.

Their journey goes way back to the 1990s, when the couple sold their dairy brand, Kwality Milk Foods, to Hindustan Unilever. Instead of starting another business, they decided to step into the world of investing, and that decision changed everything.

What makes them different is that they stay away from hype and focus on companies with stable fundamentals, strong growth potential, and strong management. They prefer entering early, when valuations are still reasonable, and the crowd hasn’t noticed the opportunity yet.

Her portfolio has become a reference point for anyone interested in discovering promising small- and mid-cap ideas.

Snapshot of Dolly Khanna Portfolio

Dolly Khanna currently holds 10 companies with a net worth of INR 333 crore. Her holdings and sector-wise breakup are as follows;

Stock Name	Holding (%)	Value (Cr)	3M Returns (%)
Southern Petro	2.98%	46.8	-22.15%
Prakash Industries Ltd.	2.94%	73.1	-11.19%
Coffee Day Enterprises Ltd.	2.19%	16.7	-27.84%
GHCL Ltd.	1.21%	66.7	0.042
KCP Sugar	1.80%	5.6	-15.08%
Som Distilleries	2.43%	58.8	-15.24%
Prakash Pipes Ltd.	1.69%	10.0	-20.81%
20 Microns	1.4%	21.86	0.3724
National Oxygen Ltd.	1.22%	0.69	-8.75%
Savera Industries Ltd.	1.14%	2.04	-8.20%

Sector-Wise Breakup of Holdings

Sector	Allocation (%)
Metals – Ferrous	26.02%
Chemicals	21.31%
Beverages – Alcoholic	18.87%
Fertilisers	15.31%
Financial Services	6.56%
Other	11.93%

Best Picks

Stock	3M Return (%)	Holdings (%)
Emkay Global	0.3724	2.73%
GHCL Ltd.	0.042	1.21%

Investment Strategy

She is especially drawn to small and mid-cap companies, the kind that are not in the spotlight yet but have the potential to become tomorrow’s big stories.

Below is how she approaches investing;

She studies businesses – Instead of following market buzz, Dolly looks closely at each company on its own merit. She tries to understand what they make, how strong their finances are, and whether the management team is trustworthy.
She enters before the crowd notices – One of her biggest strengths is timing. She prefers buying a stock when it is not yet on everyone’s radar. This gives her room to capture the full upside as the company grows.
She loves niche and underexplored sectors – Her portfolio often includes companies from sectors like chemicals, consumer goods, textiles, and manufacturing, areas that may not always grab headlines but offer strong long-term potential.
Not afraid to be a contrarian – Some of her best picks have come from sectors that the market was not very excited about at the time. If she believes the business has a future, she will hold it even when others hesitate.

Conclusion

To sum it up, Dolly Khanna is known for her sharp investment understanding, and is very specific in identifying multibagger stocks, especially in the mid-cap and small-cap segments. Her portfolio is distinguished by fundamentally strong companies with decent growth potential.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Who manages Dolly Khanna’s portfolio?
Her husband, Rajiv Khanna, actively manages her portfolio.
How often is her portfolio updated?
SEBI filings update her portfolio every quarter.
What is her investing style?
Yes, she generally follows a bottom-up research approach and invests before a stock becomes famous.
Can retail investors copy her portfolio?
You can track her moves, but copying blindly is not suggested since you might have different financial goals and risk appetite. Consult your financial expert before investing.
Which sectors does she usually invest in?
She invests in chemicals, manufacturing, consumer goods, textiles, and the undervalued industrial sector.

December 21, 2025

Category: Investing

Who are Shareholders?

Key Features of Shareholders

Example of Shareholder:

Who are Debenture Holders?

Example of Debenture Holder:

Difference Between Shareholders and Debenture Holders

Which is better, Shareholder or Debenture holder?

Conclusion

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can a debenture holder receive a dividend from the company?

Does a debenture holder participate in the company’s voting?

Can I invest in both shares and debentures of a company?

Who gets first right in case of the company’s liquidation?

Who bears more risk debenture holder or the shareholders?

What Is Nifty 50?

Key Features of Nifty 50

What Is Nifty 500?

Key Features of Nifty 500

Nifty 50 Vs Nifty 500 Explained

Which Is Better for You?

1. Risk and Stability

2. Return Potential

3. Diversification and Exposure

4. Liquidity and Cost

5. Investor Type

Conclusion

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the main difference in performance between Nifty 50 and Nifty 500?

Is Nifty 500 riskier than Nifty 50?

Which is better for beginners – Nifty 50 or Nifty 500?

Can I invest in both Nifty 50 and Nifty 500 index funds?

Why should investors do a Nifty 500 before choosing?

Who are Big Bulls?

Top Big Bulls of the Indian Stock Market

Overview of the Top 10 Big Bulls of the Indian Market

1. Rakesh Jhunjhunwala

2. Radha Kishan Damani

3. Ashish Dhawan

4. Raamdeo Agarwal

5. Mukul Agarwal

6. Sunil Singhania

7. Ashish Kacholia

8. Vijay Kedia

9. Ramesh Damani

10. Premji and Associates

Conclusion

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Who are referred to as Big Bulls in the Indian Stock Market?

In India, who is the most popular Big Bull?

Where can I get the latest portfolio of big Indian investors?

Do Big Bulls of the Indian Stock Market trade daily?

Name some Big Bulls of the Indian Stock Market?

Overview of the Sugar Industry in India

List of Best Sugar Stocks 2026

Best Sugar Stocks 2026 – An Overview

1. EID Parry (India) Ltd.

2. Balrampur Chini Mills Ltd.

3. Shree Renuka Sugars Ltd.

4. Dalmia Bharat Sugar & Industries Ltd.

5. Uttam Sugar Mills Ltd.

6. Dhampur Sugar Mills Ltd.

7. Bajaj Hindusthan Sugar Ltd.

8. Triveni Engineering & Industries Ltd.

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

Factors to Consider before Investing in Sugar Stocks

Conclusion

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can sugar stocks be a good investment in 2025?

Which states produce the most sugar in India?

How do we evaluate the performance of sugar companies’ stocks?

What are the long-term prospects of the sugar sector?

What are the various factors that affect sugar stock prices?

How important is ethanol for sugar companies?

Are sugar stocks good when it comes to long-term investments?

Do global sugar prices affect Indian stocks?

Ponzi Meaning: Definition and Historical Background

What Is a Ponzi Scheme and How It Works

How Ponzi Scheme Works ?

Who Is a Ponzi Schemer and What Are Their Tactics