Blog

1 Pavan Gold in Grams: Conversion, Price & Calculation Guide

Confusion regarding the 1 pavan to gram conversion is quite common when purchasing gold in India particularly in South India, where the pavan is widely used. Understanding the correct conversion is essential, as it directly impacts your final pricing and gold rate calculations. In this article, we will explain the exact meaning of the pavan and demonstrate how to perform this simple calculation in easy-to-understand language.

What is a Pavan in Gold?

The Pavan is a traditional unit of weight for gold, also known as the Sovereign. Simply put, 1 Pavan equals 8 grams of gold, a standard that is followed throughout India.

Where did this term originate?

The concept of the Pavan stems from the Gold Sovereign coin of the British era, which weighed approximately 8 grams. Subsequently, in India, this figure was standardized as a round number.

1 Pavan Gold in Gram – Exact Value Explained

In the gold market, one ‘Pavan’ of gold corresponds to 8 grams of gold. This is an accepted traditional unit that jewelers across India adhere to. Since 22K gold is typically used in jewelry, the calculation of a Pavan is also based on this standard.

Pavan to Gram Conversion Table

Pavan	Gram
1 Pavan	8 Grams
2 Pavan	16 Grams
5 Pavan	40 Grams
10 Pavan	80 Grams

Data as of 23 March,2025

Example : Let’s assume the current gold rate is approximately ₹1,51,695 per 10 grams.

Price per 1 gram = Rs. 15,169 (approx.)
1 Pavan (8 grams) = 15,169 × 8 = Rs.1,21,352 (approx.)

Why is 1 Pavan Equal to 8 Grams?

This has a direct connection to history. Back during the British era, there existed a ‘Gold Sovereign’ coin that weighed approximately 8 grams. In India particularly among jewelers in South India this very standard was adopted and subsequently came to be known as the “Pavan.”

Is this based on a calculation?

No, this is not a mathematical conversion (such as converting kilograms to grams).

Rather, it is a fixed, traditional standard that has gained widespread acceptance within the market over the passage of time.

Why does this same standard remain in use today?

To ensure simplicity within the jewelry trade.
To facilitate easy calculations for both buyers and sellers.
Because years of consistent practice have fostered a deep sense of trust.

1 Kg Gold How Much Pavan?

To understand this, grams are converted into Pavans.

Formula : Pavan = Total Grams ÷ 8

Weight	Calculation (÷ 8)	Final Pavan
100 grams	100 ÷ 8	12.5 Pavan
250 grams	250 ÷ 8	31.25 Pavan
500 grams	500 ÷ 8	62.5 Pavan
750 grams	750 ÷ 8	93.75 Pavan
1000 grams (1 kg)	1000 ÷ 8	125 Pavan

Data as of 23 March,2025

Common Mistakes People Make with Pavan Conversion

Mistaking 1 Pavan for 10 Grams : The most common mistake people make is assuming that 1 Pavan equals 10 grams, whereas its actual value is 8 grams. Due to this minor misunderstanding, the entire calculation goes awry, making it impossible to accurately estimate the price.
Overlooking Gold Purity : Often, buyers focus solely on the weight while ignoring the purity level (whether 22K or 24K). While the Pavan merely indicates weight, the actual price of jewelry varies based on its purity; consequently, confusion regarding this aspect is quite common.
Equating Pavan with Tola : Some individuals mistake the Pavan and the Tola for the same unit, even though they are distinct. A Pavan weighs 8 grams, whereas a Tola weighs approximately 11.66 grams; therefore, conflating the two can lead to errors in calculations.
Accepting the Price Without Conversion : Upon hearing the price quoted in Pavans at a jewelry store, many people proceed to finalize the deal immediately without first converting the weight into grams. This prevents them from determining the true price relative to the actual market rate of gold, thereby increasing the risk of overpayment.

Pavan vs Other Gold Units

Unit	Gram Equivalent
1 Pavan	8 grams
1 Tola	11.66 grams (approximately)
1 Gram	1 gram
1 Kg	1000 grams

Data as of 23 March,2025

Conclusion

When purchasing gold, understanding the 1 pavan to gram conversion might seem like a minor concept; however, it directly influences accurate pricing and your decision-making. Once you know that 1 pavan equals 8 grams and understand how gold rates are applied, the calculations become straightforward. With this simple understanding, you can avoid both confusion and unnecessary costs especially when buying jewelry. Invest smarter, not costlier – Download Pocketful for Zero Brokerage, Zero AMC, Zero Account Opening, and easy Mutual Fund investing.

Gold Rate in Top Cities of India	Silver Rate in Top Cities of India
Gold rate in Kerala	Silver rate in Kerala
Gold rate in Kolkata	Silver rate in Kolkata
Gold rate in Lucknow	Silver rate in Lucknow
Gold rate in Madurai	Silver rate in Madurai
Gold rate in Mangalore	Silver rate in Mangalore
Gold rate in Mumbai	Silver rate in Mumbai
Gold rate in Mysore	Silver rate in Mysore
Gold rate in Nagpur	Silver rate in Nagpur
Gold rate in Nashik	Silver rate in Nashik

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is 1 pavan in grams?
The value of 1 pavan is 8 grams; this is considered the standard in the gold market.
How do you convert pavans to grams?
There is a simple formula for converting pavans to grams: Pavans × 8.
How many pavans are there in 1 kg of gold?
There are a total of 125 pavans in 1 kilogram (1000 grams).
Is the pavan used across India?
The pavan is not used throughout India, but primarily in South India.
Does the gold rate impact pavan pricing?
Yes, when the gold rate changes, the total price of 1 pavan changes accordingly.
Are the pavan and the tola the same?
No, they are two different units: a pavan is 8 grams, whereas a tola is approximately equal to 11.66 grams.

April 1, 2026

GIFT Nifty Timings: Trading Hours, Opening Time & Market Impact

If you have ever wondered how traders manage to anticipate the market’s direction even before it opens, the answer lies in GIFT Nifty. GIFT Nifty’s timings, specifically its extended trading hours provide you with global market signals well in advance. In this blog, we will not only cover the GIFT Nifty trading schedule but also explore how to utilize it in a smart and strategic manner.

What is GIFT Nifty?

GIFT Nifty is an offshore derivative contract based on the Nifty 50, traded within GIFT City (IFSC). Formerly known as SGX Nifty, it was relocated to India to consolidate liquidity and regulatory control within the country. It is primarily utilized by FIIs (Foreign Institutional Investors) and global traders.

Simply put, GIFT Nifty serves as an indicator that acts as a bridge between global markets and the Indian stock market, helping to gauge the early direction of the market at the open.

GIFT Nifty Timings

Session	Timing (IST)	Key Details
Morning Session	6:30 AM – 3:40 PM	This is the Gift Nifty opening time. During this session, the influence of Asian and European markets becomes apparent, and it provides an indication of the Indian market’s opening.
Break Time	3:40 PM – 4:35 PM	Trading remains closed during this period (a short pause).
Evening Session	4:35 PM – 2:45 AM (Next Day)	This session runs concurrently with the US markets. This is considered to be the closing time for Gift Nifty.

Why GIFT Nifty Opens So Early?

The early opening time of GIFT Nifty is not merely a random occurrence; rather, it is driven by a clear global strategy.

Capturing Asian Market Sentiment : GIFT Nifty opens at 6:30 AM, thereby immediately reflecting the opening cues from Asian markets such as Japan and Hong Kong. This helps traders identify early market trends.
Reflecting the Impact of Overnight US Markets : Since US markets close after the Indian markets, the impact of overnight movements there (such as the Dow Jones and Nasdaq) is directly visible in GIFT Nifty. This serves as an indicator of the Indian market’s mood for the following day.
Convenient Timing for Global Investors : This timing is ideal for Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), as it allows them to trade continuously across global markets without interruption.
Pre-Market Advantage for Traders : Indian traders can gauge the market’s direction and formulate their strategies even before the NSE opens at 9:15 AM.

How GIFT Nifty Impacts Indian Market Opening

1. Functions as a Pre-Market Indicator

GIFT Nifty acts as a leading indicator for the Indian stock market. It signals the potential direction of the market even before the NSE opens (at 9:15 AM), thereby allowing traders to prepare in advance.

2. Signals Gap-Up and Gap-Down Openings

If GIFT Nifty is trading above its previous close there is a likelihood of the market opening with a “gap-up.”
If it is trading below the previous close the chances of a “gap-down” opening increase.
The greater the difference in points, the stronger the impact on the opening is considered to be.

3. Reflects Global Market Sentiment

GIFT Nifty reflects the combined influence of the US, European, and Asian markets.

US market rally A positive signal.
Global downturn Possibility of a negative opening.

4. Reflects Institutional Activity

The sentiment of Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) becomes visible early in GIFT Nifty, providing an indication of potential large-scale buying or selling activity.

5. Aids in Pre-Market Decision Making

Before the market opens, traders can:

Decide on entry and exit levels.
Set stop-losses and target prices.
Formulate intraday or positional trading strategies.

6. Early Signal for Volatility

If GIFT Nifty exhibits high fluctuation, the Indian market may also experience high volatility at the time of opening.

7. Influences the NSE Pre-Open Session

During the NSE’s pre-open session (9:00-9:15 AM), the price discovery process is significantly influenced by the signals provided by GIFT Nifty.

8. Does Not Always Provide Exact Predictions

Domestic news (such as RBI policy announcements, corporate earnings, or geopolitical events) can alter the prevailing trend.
At times, the actual market opening may even move in a direction opposite to that indicated by GIFT Nifty.
Therefore, it should be used solely as a reference tool, rather than as the sole basis for making final trading decisions.

How Traders Use GIFT Nifty Timings

1. Pre-Market Strategy Planning

GIFT Nifty begins signaling as early as 6:30 AM, enabling traders to formulate a clear plan before the NSE opens at 9:15 AM.

Identifying gap-up or gap-down scenarios
Deciding whether to avoid the opening trade or take an aggressive entry
Formulating sector-specific strategies (Banking, IT, etc.)
Pre-determining buy/sell levels in advance

2. Overnight Risk Management

The evening session (4:35 PM – 2:45 AM) assists traders in understanding overnight market movements.

Hedging open positions (using options/futures)
Mitigating risk for the upcoming trading day
Tracking the impact of unexpected global events
Particularly useful for F&O traders

3. Global News Reaction Tracking

GIFT Nifty immediately reflects global news, allowing traders to react swiftly.

US Fed announcements and inflation data
Fluctuations in crude oil prices
Geopolitical news (wars, policy changes)
Currency movements (Dollar strength/weakness)

This provides traders with an advance indication of the market sentiment for the following day.

4. Directional Clarity for Intraday Traders

Intraday traders can avoid the confusion often associated with the market opening.

Helps in avoiding fake breakouts or traps
Understanding opening volatility
Refining trend-following strategies

5. Confirmation for Swing & Positional Traders

Deciding whether to hold or exit positions carried over from the previous day
Providing early signals of trend continuation or reversal
Refining trade setups for the upcoming day

6. Arbitrage & Price Difference Opportunities

Some traders seek arbitrage opportunities by tracking the price difference between GIFT Nifty and NSE Nifty (an advanced-level strategy).

7. Assistance in Understanding Market Psychology

GIFT Nifty provides insights into the overall market mood (fear/greed), thereby helping traders avoid impulsive trading decisions.

GIFT Nifty vs Nifty 50 Timings

Feature	GIFT Nifty	Nifty 50
Opening Time	6:30 AM IST	9:15 AM IST
Closing Time	2:45 AM IST (Next Day)	3:30 PM IST
Trading Duration	Approximately 21 hours	Approximately 6 hours
Sessions	Morning + Evening (2 sessions)	Single day session
Global Market Coverage	Includes the impact of the US, Asia, and Europe.	Mostly domestic market movement
Purpose	Early Signals (Pre-market Direction)	Actual trading and execution

Limitations of GIFT Nifty

Not Entirely Reliable : It indicates direction but does not always provide accurate predictions.
Domestic News Has a Greater Impact : RBI policies, the Union Budget, or company-specific news can alter market trends.
Liquidity Can Be Lower : Compared to the NSE, trading volumes are sometimes lower.
Heightened Sensitivity to Global Volatility : Signals can shift rapidly in response to movements in US markets or global news events.
Clear Trends Are Not Always Apparent : GIFT Nifty often trades sideways, which can lead to confusion.

Conclusion

GIFT Nifty timings offer you the advantage of gauging market direction even before the market opens.However, to make the right decisions, it is essential to utilize this in conjunction with global news and analysis. Smart traders use it as a signal, rather than as a tool for making final decisions. Your all-in-one trading app Pocketful offers market insights, learning content, free delivery trades, advanced F&O tools, and a smooth experience.

S.NO.	Check Out These Interesting Posts You Might Enjoy!
1	What is the Best Time Frame for Swing Trading?
2	MCX Trading: What is it? MCX Meaning, Features & More
3	What is the NIFTY EV & New Age Automotive Index?
4	What is Crude Oil Trading and How Does it Work?
5	What Is Day Trading and How to Start With It?
6	What are Option Greeks?
7	Understanding Intraday Trading Timings
8	What is Implied Volatility in Options Trading
9	Call and Put Options: Meaning, Types, Difference & Examples
10	Options Trading Strategies

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the GIFT Nifty trading hours?
GIFT Nifty trades from 6:30 AM until 2:45 AM on the following day.
What is the GIFT Nifty opening time?
Its opening time is 6:30 AM IST.
What is the GIFT Nifty closing time?
Its closing time is 2:45 AM IST (the next day).
How does GIFT Nifty affect the Indian market?
It provides an indication of the market’s direction (whether a gap-up or a gap-down) before the market opens.
Is GIFT Nifty always accurate?
No, it merely provides an indication; the final direction may change.

March 31, 2026

GoldBees vs Physical Gold: Key Differences

GoldBees vs Physical Gold is one of those decisions that can quietly impact how efficient your investment really is. While both give you exposure to gold prices, the experience of owning them is very different.

Where one of the choices sits securely in your demat account, the other needs physical storage and care. Both offer you liquidity but there is a difference in management and cost of each.

So, the question is which one is better and who should select what? Well, read this guide to explore the goldbees vs physical gold difference in detail over here.

What Is GoldBees?

GoldBees is a gold exchange-traded fund. It is offered by Nippon India Mutual Fund mainly. This allows you to invest in gold digitally through the stock market. Instead of buying physical gold, you purchase units that represent high-purity gold. These units are traded on exchanges like shares and are stored in your demat account, making the process simple and secure.

Features of GoldBees

Trades like stock on exchanges.
Backed by physical gold of high purity, usually 99.5% or above.
Stored in demat form, removing the need for lockers or physical safety.
Requires a demat and trading account to invest.
Prices closely track domestic gold prices, with minor tracking differences.

Pros of GoldBees

No storage or making charges, unlike jewellery or coins.
High liquidity, as you can sell units instantly on the exchange.
Lower risk of theft or loss since it is held digitally.
Transparent pricing linked directly to market rates.
Suitable for small, regular investments.

Cons of GoldBees

Requires a demat account, which may not be ideal for everyone.
Brokerage charges apply when buying and selling.
No physical delivery of gold for personal use.
Prices may slightly differ from actual gold due to tracking error.
Market timing matters, as trading is limited to market hours.

What Is Physical Gold?

Physical gold refers to gold you can actually hold, such as jewellery, coins, or bars. It is the most traditional way of investing and is widely preferred for cultural, personal, and long-term security reasons. Unlike digital forms, physical gold gives you direct ownership without a demat account, but it also comes with responsibilities such as storage and safety.

Features of Physical Gold

Available in jewellery, coins, and bars.
Can be purchased from jewellers, banks, or authorised dealers.
Requires physical storage, either at home or in a locker.
Prices vary based on purity, making charges, and location.
Does not require a trading or demat account.

Pros of Physical Gold

Provides tangible ownership that you can see and hold.
Can be used for personal consumption, especially jewellery.
No dependency on digital platforms or market timings.
Widely accepted and easy to pledge for loans.
Acts as a traditional store of value during uncertain times.

Cons of Physical Gold

Making charges and wastage costs increase the overall investment cost.
Risk of theft or loss if not stored securely.
Additional cost for locker or safe storage.
Lower liquidity for jewellery due to resale deductions.
Purity concerns unless purchased from trusted sources.

GoldBees vs Physical Gold: Key Differences

Now that you understand both options, let us compare GoldBees vs Physical Gold side by side. This will help you clearly see which option best fits your investment style.

Basis	GoldBees	Physical Gold
Form	Digital units held in demat account.	Tangible gold like jewellery, coins, or bars.
Ownership	Indirect ownership through ETF units.	Direct physical ownership.
Storage	No storage needed.	Requires locker or safe storage.
Safety	No risk of theft or loss.	Risk of theft or damage.
Liquidity	High, can sell instantly on exchange.	Moderate, depends on buyer and deductions.
Costs	Brokerage and small expense ratio.	Making charges, wastage, storage cost.
Pricing Transparency	Linked to market price, highly transparent.	Varies due to making charges and dealer margins.
Convenience	Easy to buy and sell online.	Requires physical visit to buy or sell.
Usage	Investment purpose only.	Can be used for jewellery or gifting.
Purity	Standardised, usually 99.5 percent or higher.	Purity may vary depending on seller.
Market Timing	Can trade only during market hours.	Can buy or sell anytime through jewellers.

Returns and Tax Comparison – GoldBees vs Physical Gold

To get a clear picture of GoldBees vs Physical Gold, it helps to look at returns and taxation together. This combined view makes it easier to understand the real impact on your overall investment.

Factor	Physical Gold	GoldBees
Cost Impact on Returns	Making charges, wastage, and 3% GST reduce effective returns.	Expense ratio and brokerage are relatively lower.
Realised Returns	Lower due to purchase and resale deductions.	Closer to actual gold price returns.
Short-Term Holding Period	Up to 24 months.	Up to 12 months.
Short-Term Tax	Taxed as per income tax slab.	Taxed as per income tax slab.
Long-Term Holding Period	More than 24 months.	More than 12 months.
Long-Term Tax	Around 12.5% without indexation.	Around 12.5% without indexation.
GST Impact	3% GST payable at purchase.	No GST applicable.
Tax Trigger	Tax applies on sale of gold.	Tax applies on selling ETF units.

Who Should Invest in GoldBees vs Physical Gold?

Choosing between GoldBees vs Physical Gold depends on your purpose, convenience, and investment style. While both are a great addition to your portfolio, you must actually look for an option that connects with your needs.

GoldBees is suitable for

Investors looking for a hassle-free and digital way to invest in gold.
Those who already have a demat account and actively invest in markets.
People who want high liquidity and easy buying or selling.
Investors focused purely on returns, not physical usage.
Those who want to avoid storage, theft risk, and making charges.

Physical Gold is suitable for

Individuals who prefer tangible assets they can hold and use.
Buyers interested in jewellery for personal or cultural purposes.
Investors who do not use demat accounts or stock markets.
People who value traditional forms of wealth storage.
Those who may want to pledge gold easily for loans when needed.

Conclusion

GoldBees vs Physical Gold is not about which is better, but which suits your purpose. If you want convenience, liquidity, and cost efficiency, GoldBees is a good choice. But if you want an asset that can be held and sold anytime, anywhere, then physical gold is better. At the end, both of these will serve the purpose of leverage in your portfolio.

If you are planning to invest in GoldBees, you can get started easily with Pocketful. Open your demat account, explore gold ETFs, and build your portfolio in a simple and structured way.

S.NO.	Check Out These Interesting Posts You Might Enjoy!
1	Mutual Fund vs ETF. Are They Same Or Different?
2	Difference Between Trading and Investing
3	ETF vs Index Fund: Key Differences You Must Know
4	Gold BeES vs Silver BeES: Which is the Better Investment?
5	Digital Gold vs Gold ETF: Which is Better?
6	Short Vol vs Long Vol in Options Trading
7	Overnight fund vs Liquid fund
8	Swing Trading vs Day Trading: Which Strategy Is Right For You?
9	Difference between Margin Trading and Leverage Trading
10	SIP in Stocks vs SIP in Mutual funds?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Is GoldBees better than physical gold?
GoldBees is better for investment purposes due to lower costs and high liquidity. Physical gold is better for personal use like jewellery.
Can I convert GoldBees into physical gold?
No. GoldBees units cannot be converted into physical gold. They can only be sold on the exchange.
Is GoldBees safe?
Yes. GoldBees is backed by physical gold and regulated, making it a secure investment option when held in a demat account.
Do I need a demat account to invest in GoldBees?
Yes. A demat and trading account is required to buy and sell GoldBees units.
Which is more profitable, GoldBees or physical gold?
GoldBees is usually more cost-efficient as it avoids making and storage charges. This can improve overall returns over time.

March 31, 2026

What are International ETFs?

Most investors start their journey by buying stocks or mutual funds within their own country. But one needs to understand that the world’s biggest companies and fastest-growing sectors are spread across many countries. Have you ever thought about global giants like Apple, Microsoft, or Nvidia? Though they are not listed on Indian stock exchanges, they play an important role in the global economy.

So how can Indian investors participate in that growth?

One simple way is through International Exchange Traded Funds (International ETFs).

In this blog, we will break down what international ETFs are, how they work, their benefits and risks, and how Indian investors can start investing in them.

What Are International ETFs?

An International ETF is a type of exchange-traded fund that puts money into companies that are not listed in your home country. It is a basket of securities that trades on a stock exchange, just like any other ETF.

Example

Suppose you buy an ETF that tracks the Nasdaq-100 index. By purchasing just one unit of that ETF, you indirectly invest in companies like Amazon, Alphabet, or Microsoft. Instead of buying each stock separately, the ETF bundles them together and mirrors the index’s performance. This makes global investing simpler and more accessible for retail investors.

How do International ETFs work?

International ETFs work a lot like regular ETFs. The main difference is that their investments are in markets outside of India.

The ETF tracks a global index: Most international ETFs track well-known global indices, and the goal of the ETF is to replicate the performance of that index.

The fund invests in the same companies: To mirror the index, the ETF holds the same stocks in roughly the same proportions. For example, if Apple has a 10% weight in the index, the ETF will also allocate around 10% of its portfolio to Apple.

The ETF is listed on a stock exchange: Investors can buy or sell ETF units through their trading account, just like buying a stock. The price changes throughout the trading day depending on demand, supply, and the value of the underlying assets.

Returns follow the index: The value of the ETF usually goes up when the index goes up. Returns may be a little different, though, due to factors such as the expense ratio, tracking error, and currency changes.

How to Invest in International ETFs

Open a Demat and Trading Account: Open a demat and trading account with a registered stockbroker to place orders. like Pocketful and begin your trading journey with ease.

Research and Analyse International ETFs: Before you start ETFs investing, it is important to understand which index the ETF tracks. Some focus on the U.S market, while others track other global indices. Also, look for expense ratios, tracking error, etc.

Decide your Allocation: Do not allocate or concentrate your entire capital in a single ETF. An allocation of 10-20% of your international investments, depending on your risk tolerance is suggested.

Place a Buy Order: Once you have selected an ETF, check what price it is trading at, and then place a buy order.

Types of International ETFs

1. Global ETFs

These ETFs provide exposure to multiple regions and countries and offer global diversification. They allocate capital across established and developing economies, assisting investors in mitigating risks tied to single nations while capitalizing on global economic expansion patterns.

2. Developed Markets ETFs

These ETFs focus on mature economies with established financial systems like Japan, Germany, and the UK. These are typically viewed as steadier, exhibiting steady expansion, robust governance structures, and reduced fluctuation in contrast to developing economies.

3. Emerging Markets

These ETFs target fast-growing but more volatile economies like India. They can deliver stronger growth prospects, driven by fast economic development, urban expansion, and rising consumer demand, yet they also carry greater risk and more volatile market swings. It’s a trade-off.

4. Country-Specific ETFs

These ETFs narrow down to a single country’s market, like a Japan-focused Nikkei 225 ETF. These enable participants to gain focused access to particular national economies, industry shifts, or market possibilities inside that nation, suiting them for planned or opportunistic capital placements.

Advantages of International ETFs

1. Global Diversification

One of the biggest reasons investors look at international ETFs is diversification. If your entire portfolio is invested in Indian stocks, your returns depend on how the Indian economy and related companies perform. International ETFs help spread that risk by giving you exposure to multiple countries and markets.

2. Lower Costs

Most international ETFs are passively managed, that is, they simply track an index instead of depending on fund managers’ expertise to actively pick stocks, which leads to lower expense ratios than actively managed funds.

3. Easy to Buy and Sell

International ETFs trade on stock exchanges just like regular shares, and hence, they are easy to buy and sell through a trading account.

Unlike mutual funds, which are priced only once at the end of the day, ETFs trade throughout market hours.

Disadvantages of International ETFs

1. Currency Fluctuations Can Affect Returns

One important factor that investors often overlook when investing in an international ETF is currency risk.

Since international ETFs invest in foreign markets, returns are affected not only by stock prices but also by exchange rate movements. Currency fluctuations can amplify returns.

2. Tracking Error

International ETFs replicate the performance of their underlying index, but at times they do not match it perfectly.

Small differences can occur because of factors like:

fund expenses
operational costs
currency conversion
delays in adjusting the portfolio

The difference between an ETF’s performance and the index’s is known as tracking error.

3. Investors are usually less Familiar with Foreign Markets

Domestic markets are easier for investors to understand because they are linked with local economic news and developments. Foreign markets, on the other hand, involve different economic conditions, regulations, and industries.

Read Also: Best ETFs in India to Invest

Ways to Invest in International ETFs

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) define the rules for buying international ETFs.

There are two modes through which you can invest in international ETFs

Indian Listed International ETFs on NSE & BSE, like the Motilal Oswal NASDAQ 100 ETF, through a demat account.
Funds of funds (FoFs), which invest in mutual fund schemes that put their money into overseas ETFs.

Additionally, you can also use platforms that offer direct buying of ETFs on the NYSE or NASDAQ.

Taxation of International ETFs

Funds of Funds: If you invest in global markets via FoFs, regarded as non-equity-oriented FoFs, on or after April 1, 2023, all gains will be treated as Short-term Capital Gains and taxed at your applicable income tax slab rate as per section 50AA.
International ETFs listed on Indian exchanges: If you invest in international ETFs listed in India for more than 12 months, your gains are considered long-term and taxed at 12.5%. If you sell within 12 months, the gains are treated as short-term and taxed according to your income tax slab.

Guideline

Within the overall industry limit of US $1 billion, each Mutual Fund can invest up to US $300 million in overseas exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

List of International ETFs in India

S.No	ETF	NAV (in₹)
1	Mirae Asset NYSE FANG+ ETF	133.51
2	Mirae Asset S&P 500 Top 50 ETF	58.33
3	Motilal Oswal Nasdaq Q 50 ETF	90.7
4	Motilal Oswal Nasdaq 100 ETF	220.12
5	Mirae Asset Hang Seng Tech ETF	20.18
6	Nippon India ETF Hang Seng BeES	445.74

(Data as of 17th March, 2026)

Conclusion

Earlier, investing globally felt complicated, opening foreign accounts, dealing with currency conversions, and tracking unfamiliar markets. Today, it has become as simple as buying a stock from your trading app. Adding global exposure apart from domestic investments gives you a cushion. For example, there have been periods when US technology stocks performed strongly while Indian markets were consolidating. A consistent allocation can help you participate in global growth. For more market news and insights, download Pocketful – offering users zero brokerage on delivery trades and an easy to use platform designed for both beginners and experienced investors.

.NO.	Check Out These Interesting Posts You Might Enjoy!
1	Mutual Fund vs ETF. Are They Same Or Different?
2	What is Nifty BeES ETF? Features, Benefits & How to Invest?
3	ETF vs Stock – Which One is the Better Investment Option?
4	Gold ETF vs Gold Mutual Fund: Differences and Similarities
5	ETF vs Index Fund: Key Differences You Must Know
6	List of Best Commodity ETFs in India

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can I invest in international ETFs from India?
You can buy them directly through your Demat account if they are listed on NSE or BSE.
Are international ETFs risky?
They do carry normal market risks and factors like currency fluctuations and global events can affect their movements.
What is currency risk?
It means your returns can change depending on how the rupee moves against other currencies.
Should beginners invest in international ETFs?
Yes, they can invest but only as a small part of their portfolio.
Do I need a separate international account?
No, many international ETFs are available on Indian exchanges itself.

March 30, 2026

How Does MTF Work? Step-by-Step Explained with Example

Many investors today are curious about how MTF works and whether it can help them take larger positions in the market with limited capital. Margin Trading Facility allows you to buy stocks by paying only a part of the total amount, while your broker funds the rest.

At first, it may sound complex, but the concept becomes clearer once you see it in action. In this guide, we will walk through MTF trading explained in a simple, step-by-step way so you can understand how it fits into real investing decisions.

What is MTF Trading?

MTF stands for the Margin Trading Facility. It is a way to buy stocks without paying the full amount upfront. You invest a part of the total value, and your broker funds the remaining amount on your behalf. This funded portion is treated like a loan, and you are charged interest for the number of days you hold the position.

In simple terms, MTF lets you take a larger position in the market using limited capital. However, since you are trading with borrowed funds, both profits and losses are calculated on the full trade value, which increases the overall risk as well.

Features of MTF Trading

Partial upfront investment, which increases your buying capacity.
Interest is calculated daily on the funded amount.
Available only on broker-approved stocks.
Requires maintaining a minimum margin at all times.
Positions can be carried forward as long as margin is maintained.

Advantages of MTF Trading

Higher exposure in the market with limited capital.
Ability to earn more if the stock moves in your favour.
Flexibility to hold positions instead of same-day exit.
Efficient use of available funds across multiple stocks.

Risks of MTF Trading

Losses are amplified if the stock price falls.
Interest cost reduces overall profitability.
Margin calls may require additional funds quickly.
Brokers can square off positions if margin is not maintained.

Understanding MTF Interest

While the MTF trading is explained, you need to understand how interest works, since this is the main cost involved in using the facility.

In MTF, interest is charged only on the amount funded by the broker, not on your total investment. This means your cost depends on how much you borrow and how long you hold the position. The interest is calculated daily, even though it is usually shown as an annual rate. This is why checking the lowest MTF interest rate becomes important before choosing a broker.

Here is a clear breakdown of Pocketful’s MTF interest structure:

Amount Funded by Pocketful (INR)	Interest Rate (per annum)	Interest Rate (per day)
Upto 1,00,000	5.99%	0.0164%
1,00,001 – 25,00,000	14.60%	0.0400%
Above 25,00,000	16.00%	0.0438%

As seen above, the interest rate varies based on the funded amount. While lower slabs offer more affordable rates, higher funding attracts higher charges. Since interest is applied daily, holding a position for longer periods increases the total cost, potentially reducing your final returns.

How MTF Works: Step-by-Step

To clearly understand how MTF works, you must understand the steps. So, these are the steps that you would need to follow:

1. Choose an MTF-Eligible Stock

Not every stock is available for MTF. Brokers offer only selected, liquid, and relatively stable stocks. This reduces risk for both you and the broker, so always check the approved list before placing a trade.

2. Place an MTF Order

When placing your order, select the MTF option instead of regular delivery. This tells the broker you want to use margin funding rather than paying the full amount yourself.

3. Pay the Required Margin

You only pay a percentage of the total trade value upfront. For example, if the margin requirement is 25%, you invest ₹25,000 for a trade of ₹1,00,000. This is your initial contribution.

4. Broker Funds the Remaining Amount

The broker pays the remaining amount required to complete the trade. This funded portion acts like a loan given to you, and you are responsible for repaying it when you exit the position.

5. Interest is Charged Daily

Interest is charged only on the borrowed amount, not the full trade value. It is calculated daily, which means the longer you hold the position, the more interest you pay.

6. Maintain Margin Requirements

If the stock price falls, your margin value may reduce. In such cases, the broker may ask you to add more funds. If you fail to do so, the position can be closed to limit losses.

7. Exit the Position

When you decide to sell the stock, the broker first recovers the funds, including any interest and charges. The remaining balance is credited to you as profit or adjusted as loss.

MTF Example in India

Now that you understand the interest, let us look at a simple example to complete MTF trading explained in a practical way.

Let’s say you buy shares worth ₹1,00,000 using MTF.

You invest ₹25,000 from your own funds. Now, the broker funds the remaining ₹75,000. This funded amount will attract interest based on the applicable rate.

Assume you fall under the 14.60% per annum slab, which is about 0.0400% per day.

Daily interest = ₹75,000 × 0.0400% = ₹30

For 10 days, total interest = ₹300

Now, let us look at two scenarios.

If the stock price rises and your total value becomes ₹1,08,000. This way, your profit is ₹8,000. Now, you would need to reduce the interest here. It is ₹300. So, your net profit becomes ₹7,700. Since you invested only ₹25,000, the return looks higher.

If the stock price falls to ₹92,000, your loss is ₹8,000. Adding ₹300 as interest, your total loss becomes ₹8,300.

This example shows that while MTF increases your buying power, it also increases both profits and losses, making it important to use it carefully.

Use our Margin Trading Facility Calculator

Who Should Use MTF Trading?

MTF is not meant for every investor. It works best for those who understand market movements and can manage risk carefully.

Short or medium term traders who wish to gain from price movements.
Investors who have limited capital for investing.
Experienced traders who understand leverage, margin calls, and market risks.
Investors with a clear entry, exit, and risk management strategy.
Active market participants who can monitor positions regularly.

Conclusion

MTF can be a useful tool if used with discipline. It helps you increase your market exposure without investing the full amount upfront. At the same time, interest costs and amplified risks make it important to use it carefully.

If you are planning to explore MTF, always compare brokers, check the lowest MTF interest rate, and understand the stock eligibility before investing. Platforms like Pocketful make it easier to get started with transparent pricing and a smooth trading experience.

S.NO.	Check Out These Interesting Posts You Might Enjoy!
1	Top Tips for Successful Margin Trading in India
2	Lowest MTF Interest Rate Brokers in India
3	Margin Pledge: Meaning, Risks, And Benefits
4	Difference between Margin Trading and Leverage Trading
5	Key Differences Between MTF and Loan Against Shares
6	What is Pay Later (MTF) & Steps to Avail Pay Later?
7	What is Margin Funding?
8	What is Stock Margin?
9	What is Margin Money?
10	What Is Margin Trading?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is MTF trading in simple terms?
MTF trading allows you to buy stocks by paying only a part of the total amount, while the broker funds the rest and charges interest on the borrowed portion.
How does MTF interest work?
Interest is charged daily on the amount funded by the broker. It continues to accumulate until you close the position.
What is the lowest MTF interest rate available?
MTF interest rates vary by broker and funding amount. Generally, they can start as low as around 5.99% per annum for smaller slabs and go higher depending on usage.
Can I hold MTF positions for the long term?
Yes, you can hold positions as long as you maintain margin, but higher interest costs make it more suitable for short to medium-term trades.
What happens if I do not maintain margin in MTF?
If margin requirements are not met, the broker may issue a margin call or square off your position to limit losses.

March 29, 2026

Gold Trading on MCX: How to Trade Gold in India for Beginners

In India, gold has always been a trusted investment; however, people are now not merely buying it but are also actively trading in gold. Through the MCX, you can generate profits from price movements without actually purchasing physical gold, which is why it is rapidly gaining popularity among beginners.

What is Gold Trading on MCX?

Gold trading on the MCX means that you trade based on the price movements of gold without physically purchasing the metal. Trading here is conducted through futures contracts, wherein you attempt to generate profit by buying or selling at a future price.

What is the MCX?

MCX (Multi Commodity Exchange of India) is a regulated commodity exchange where futures trading takes place in commodities such as gold, silver, and crude oil. It is India’s largest commodity derivatives exchange, where traders can trade based on online gold prices.

How is Gold Trading conducted?

Trading on the MCX takes place through Gold Futures Contracts:

You buy or sell gold for a future date.
Taking physical delivery of the gold is not required.
Profits are generated solely from fluctuations in the price.

Types of Gold Contracts on MCX

Contract Type	Lot Size	Price Quote	Tick Size (Min Move)	1 Tick P/L
Gold (Standard)	1 kg (1000g)	per 10g	Rs. 1	Rs. 100
Gold Mini	100g	per 10g	Rs. 1	Rs. 10
Gold Ten	10 g	per 10g	Rs. 1	Rs. 1
Gold Guinea	8g	per 8g	Rs. 1	Rs. 1
Gold Petal	1g	per 1g	Rs. 1	Rs. 1

How is profit calculated in Gold MCX trading?

Formula : Profit = Price Change × Lot Size

Let’s assume :

Current Price = ₹1,46,542
You bought at = ₹1,46,542

Scenario	Buy Price (Rs.)	Sell Price (Rs.)	Price Change (Rs.)	Price Change (Rs.)	Result(Rs.)
Price Up	1,46,542	1,46,642	+ 100	100 × 100	+ 10,000
Price Up	1,46,542	1,46,592	+ 50	50 × 100	+ 5,000
Price Down	1,46,542	1,46,442	– 100	-100 × 100	– 10,000

How to Trade Gold in India

Step 1: Open a Trading Account on Pocketful

To start gold trading, first open an account on Pocketful and activate the commodity segment.

Complete KYC using your PAN and Aadhaar
Link your bank account
Enable Commodity (MCX) trading

Step 3: Add Funds to Your Account

Now, it is necessary to deposit funds for trading:

Go to the “Funds” section within the Pocketful app
Add funds using UPI or Net Banking
The balance reflects instantly

Step 4: Select a Gold Contract

Now, decide which gold contract you wish to trade:

Gold (1kg) : High risk
Gold Mini (100g) : Best option
Gold Ten (10g) : Safe for beginners

Step 5: Analyze the Market

Before placing a trade:

View the chart (understand the trend)
Check price movements
Monitor news and global factors

Step 6: Place Your Order

Select the contract
Enter the quantity
Choose between Intraday or Positional trading
Place a Market or Limit order

Step 7: Set a Stop Loss and Target

Manage your risk after placing the trade:
Stop Loss (to control potential losses)
Target (to book profits)

Read Also: How to Buy MCX Gold in India

Key Factors That Affect Gold Prices

Dollar : Gold shares an inverse relationship with the Dollar. When the Dollar strengthens, gold tends to decline; conversely, when the Dollar falls, gold prices rise.
Interest Rates : When interest rates increase, investors often shift away from gold in favor of other assets offering safer returns; consequently, gold market activity tends to slow down.
Inflation : As inflation rises, people tend to invest their money in gold; as a result, both the demand for and the price of gold increase during such periods.
Rupee vs. Dollar : Since gold in India is primarily imported, a depreciation of the Rupee against the Dollar automatically leads to an increase in gold prices within the country.
Global News / Risk : When news regarding war, economic recession, or geopolitical tensions emerges, investors purchase gold as a safe-haven asset, causing its price to rise rapidly.

Intraday vs Positional Gold Trading

Feature	Intraday Trading	Positional Trading
Holding Time	Same Day (Exit before market close)	hold for several days or weeks
Purpose	Short-term profit	Capturing a Major Move by Riding the Trend
Risk	No overnight risk	There is an overnight risk.
Capital	Possible with a low margin.	A little more capital is needed.
Time Required	One has to keep a constant watch on the market.	No need to look repeatedly.
Strategy	Quick entry-exit, small moves	Trend-based, patience required

Advantages of Gold Trading on MCX

High Liquidity : Gold remains highly liquid on the MCX, making it easy to find buyers and sellers. Consequently, there are rarely any issues regarding entry and exit.
Hedge Against Inflation : Gold often remains resilient when inflation rises; therefore, it is considered an effective hedge against inflation.
Two-Way Trading : In the gold market, you can generate profits not only by buying but also by selling. Whether the market moves up or down, opportunities exist in both scenarios.
Low Capital Requirement : You are not required to pay the full value of the gold; instead, you can trade by simply providing a margin amount. This makes trading accessible even with limited capital.
Perceived as a Safe Asset : Compared to stocks, gold is generally considered to be relatively stable; as a result, many traders choose to trade it, viewing it as a safer investment option.

Risks in Gold Trading on MCX

High Volatility : The price of gold on MCX is not always stable. Frequently, prices experience sudden, rapid upward or downward swings; consequently, while rapid profits are possible, losses can also accumulate just as quickly.
Leverage Risk : Gold trading is conducted on margin; therefore, even a minor price movement can result in either a substantial profit or a significant loss. Taking on excessive leverage further amplifies this risk.
Overnight Risk : If a trade position is held overnight, global news or events may cause the market to open with a price gap the following day, potentially leading to unexpected losses.
Emotional Decisions : Entering a trade without a proper plan driven solely by fear or greed is one of the most common mistakes traders make. This often leads to a series of poor decisions.
Lack of Proper Knowledge : Trading without a clear understanding of contract sizes, margin requirements, and price calculations is inherently risky. Even a minor error can result in substantial financial losses.

Conclusion

Gold trading on the MCX presents a great opportunity, but it requires the right knowledge and discipline. If you trade with a solid understanding of the basics and effective risk control, it can prove to be profitable in the long run. The real game lies not in haste, but in trading with prudence. Stay ahead with real-time market insights & latest news. Download Pocketful – Zero brokerage on delivery, no AMC, and a seamless, easy-to-use platform.

Gold Rate in Top Cities of India	Silver Rate in Top Cities of India
Gold rate in Kerala	Silver rate in Kerala
Gold rate in Kolkata	Silver rate in Kolkata
Gold rate in Lucknow	Silver rate in Lucknow
Gold rate in Madurai	Silver rate in Madurai
Gold rate in Mangalore	Silver rate in Mangalore
Gold rate in Mumbai	Silver rate in Mumbai
Gold rate in Mysore	Silver rate in Mysore
Gold rate in Nagpur	Silver rate in Nagpur
Gold rate in Nashik	Silver rate in Nashik

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How to trade gold in India?
Gold futures are traded by opening a commodity account on MCX.
Is gold trading safe for beginners?
It is safe only if you trade with small lot sizes and employ proper risk management.
What is MCX gold trading?
This involves trading based on gold price movements through futures contracts, rather than trading physical gold.
Can I trade gold intraday?
Yes, you can engage in intraday trading by buying and selling on the same day.
Which gold contract is best for beginners?
The Gold Mini or Gold Ten contracts are more suitable for beginners.

March 28, 2026

Top 10 Unlisted Companies in India

Many of India’s largest companies remain unlisted on the stock market to this day; nevertheless, their business operations have reached a scale worth hundreds of thousands of crores. By 2026, the aggregate revenue of these top unlisted companies is projected to exceed ₹8-9 lakh crore a figure that truly underscores their immense strength. In this blog, we will explore some of India’s leading unlisted companies enterprises that currently operate in the private sphere but hold the potential to

Emerge as major players in the IPO market in the near future.

What Are Unlisted Companies?

Unlisted companies are entities that are not listed on the NSE or BSE; in other words, their shares are not available to the general public in the open market. Ownership of these companies typically rests with promoters, private investors, or PE funds.

India’s Top 10 Unlisted Companies by Revenue

S.No	Company	Revenue (Rs. Cr)	Sector
1	Reliance Retail	2,71,000+	Retail
2	Flipkart	83,105	E-commerce
3	Malabar Gold & Diamonds	66,872	Consumer Goods
4	Tata Electronics	66,601	Semiconductors
5	Tata Digital	32,188	Retail
6	Adani Properties	22,726	Retail
7	OfBusiness	22,499	Services
8	Tata Passenger Electric Mobility	15,247	Automobile & Auto Components
9	SBI General Insurance	14,140	Financial Services
10	Haldiram Snacks Food	14,000	Consumer Goods

Overview of the Unlisted Companies in India is given below:

1. Reliance Retail

Reliance Retail continues to remain India’s largest unlisted company, boasting a revenue exceeding ₹2.71 lakh crore. Through its “New Commerce” model, the company has integrated millions of kirana stores into its digital network, thereby creating a robust synergy between offline and online channels. With a nationwide footprint of over 19,000 stores, the company is now rapidly intensifying its focus on quick commerce (via JioMart) and its FMCG brand, “Independence.” Although its growth rate stands at 5%, the sheer scale of its operations is so massive that it surpasses that of numerous listed companies.

2. Flipkart

Flipkart has long remained a strong player in India’s e-commerce market. In 2026, its revenue surpassed ₹83,000 crore, and its growth trajectory remains steady. The company’s current focus is clear: to minimize losses and stabilize the business. Through Shopsy, the company is expanding its reach into smaller cities, a segment characterized by a high concentration of price-sensitive customers. Simultaneously, preparations for an IPO are also progressing steadily.

3. Malabar Gold & Diamonds

Malabar Gold & Diamonds is rapidly expanding its global footprint within the jewelry sector. Its revenue has reached ₹66,872 crore, reflecting a growth rate of approximately 38% a figure considered exceptionally strong. The company currently operates across 15 countries and has successfully entered new markets such as New Zealand and Ireland. Its “One India, One Gold Rate” model distinguishes it from competitors by prioritizing trust and transparency.

4. Tata Electronics

The name Tata Electronics was not heard of very often in the past, but the situation is now changing. In 2026, its revenue reached ₹66,601 crore, and its growth has been remarkably rapid. Its manufacturing plants in Gujarat and Assam have commenced operations, where chips and mobile components are being produced. The Tata Group is working earnestly in this segment, as the demand for electronics manufacturing is set to rise even further in the near future.

5. Tata Digital

Tata Digital manages the Tata Group’s online business operations. Through the Tata Neu app, it offers services such as shopping, medicines, and electronics all within a single application. In 2026, its revenue stood at approximately ₹32,188 crore. Since BigBasket, 1mg, and Croma are already integrated into the platform, users do not need to use separate apps. Currently, the company is gradually expanding the app and incorporating additional features, including payment solutions and other services.

6. Adani Properties

Adani Properties operates in the real estate and infrastructure sectors, and in 2026, its revenue reached approximately ₹22,726 crore. Its growth has been remarkably rapid in recent times, driven primarily by large-scale projects. The company also plays a role in the development currently underway in the vicinity of the Navi Mumbai Airport. Given that the Adani Group is operating on a massive scale within this segment, the volume of its projects is likely to increase further in the future.

7. OfBusiness

OfBusiness is a rapidly growing B2B platform company, with its revenue reaching ₹22,499 crore. It provides SMEs not only with the supply of raw materials such as steel, chemicals, and agricultural products but also with financing solutions. The company’s financial arm, “Oxyzo,” offers credit support, thereby facilitating easy access to funding for businesses. Notably, it stands out as one of the profitable unicorns and is currently preparing for an Initial Public Offering (IPO).

8. Tata Passenger Electric Mobility

Tata Electronics has suddenly surged into the spotlight over the past few years, and the reason is clear semiconductor and electronics manufacturing. In 2026, its revenue reached approximately ₹66,000 crore, marking a period of rapid growth. Major manufacturing plants have already commenced operations in Gujarat and Assam, where chips and iPhone components are being manufactured. The Tata Group is playing a long-term game in this segment, and its role is poised to become even more significant in the future.

9. SBI General Insurance

SBI General Insurance recorded a revenue of approximately ₹14,140 crore in 2026, marking a growth rate of around 11%. It ranks among the fastest-growing companies within the non-life insurance segment. The company is actively extending its reach into rural areas where insurance penetration is gradually on the rise by leveraging its YONO app. Additionally, it is also being considered a part of the future IPO pipeline.

10. Haldiram Snacks Food

Haldiram Snacks Food has now become a consolidated entity, following the merger of its Delhi and Nagpur units. Its estimated revenue for 2026 stands at ₹14,000 crore. The company is driving its traditional snacks business forward through modern packaging and global distribution. Recently, the global investment firm L Catterton acquired a stake in the company, signaling prospects for its future expansion and growth.

Why do these companies remain unlisted?

Retaining Control: When a company is not listed, its promoters are not required to answer to public shareholders for every decision whether minor or major. This makes the decision-making process much easier.
No Quarterly Pressure: Listed companies are required to demonstrate their performance every three months; however, unlisted companies are free from this pressure, allowing them to focus comfortably on long-term planning.
Simpler Rules and Compliance: Once listed on the stock market, reporting requirements and regulatory compliance increase significantly; in contrast, this burden is comparatively lighter for unlisted companies.
Business Information Remains Private: Unlisted companies are not obligated to publicly disclose their financials and strategic plans, thereby ensuring that their business strategies remain confidential.
Control Over IPO Timing: Companies do not rush into listing; instead, they choose to launch an IPO only when their valuation is strong and market conditions appear favorable.

How can one invest in unlisted shares?

Via Pre-IPO Platforms: Nowadays, several trusted platforms offer the option to purchase unlisted shares. Through these platforms, you can acquire shares even before the IPO is launched; however, always ensure you choose a verified platform.
Through Brokers / Dealers: Certain registered brokers facilitate the trading of unlisted shares. Since these transactions take place off-market, proper documentation and a trustworthy broker are absolutely essential.
ESOP (Employee Stock Option) Route: Often, a company’s employees choose to sell their ESOP shares. In such instances, you can acquire unlisted shares indirectly; however, these opportunities are limited in scope.
PMS / AIF (Alternative Investment Funds): For high net-worth investors, investment avenues such as PMS and AIF are available, wherein professional fund managers invest directly in unlisted companies.
Direct Private Deals: In select instances, shares may be acquired through private placements or via one’s personal network; however, this option is not readily accessible to the average retail investor.

Conclusion

Many of India’s greatest growth stories still lie hidden within the unlisted space, the very source from which future IPO opportunities emerge. If you wish to gain a deep understanding of the market, it is essential to keep an eye not only on listed companies but also on these private enterprises. For more market insights and smarter investing, download Pocketful – enjoy zero brokerage, zero AMC, and advanced tools for F&O trading.

S.NO.	Check Out These Interesting Posts You Might Enjoy!
1	Best Specialty Chemicals Stocks in India
2	List of Aviation Stocks in India
3	Top Hospital Stocks to Buy in India
4	Best Shipping Stocks in India
5	List Of Best Textile Stocks in India
6	Best Healthcare Stocks in India
7	Top Cash-Rich Companies in India
8	10 Best Agro Chemicals Sector Stocks
9	Top Biotech Companies Stocks in India
10	Best Consumption Stocks in India

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are unlisted companies?
Unlisted companies are those that are not listed on the stock market; their shares are not traded publicly.
Can I invest in unlisted shares?
Yes, but not directly through the open market. You have to purchase them through brokers or pre-IPO platforms.

March 28, 2026

Long Vol vs Short Vol in Options Trading

If you have spent even a little time in options trading, you have probably heard traders say things like “I’m short vol here” or “This is a long volatility trade.” But what does that truly signify? Volatility isn’t about price fluctuations – it’s tied to anticipations. Market participants utilize it to assess possible price variations, handle downside exposure, and spot chances. Regardless of whether the market is stable or quite erratic, grasping volatility can grant you a substantial advantage in executing wiser, more calculated trades.

It sounds confusing. Let us break this down for you in today’s blog.

What is Vol

In options trading, ‘Vol’ is the short form of volatility.

Volatility, in simple terms, means how much and how fast the price of an asset moves.

Types of Volatility

Historical Volatility: HV looks at the past price movements and tells you how volatile the stock has been.
Implied Volatility: This is what traders usually mean by ‘Vol’ in options. It reflects the market’s expectation of future price movement.

Now that we understand the two types of volatility, the next step is to see how traders use this concept when trading in real-time.

In options, volatility is not just about observing; it is about actively taking a position that benefits either from rising volatility (long vol) or falling volatility (short vol).

What Does “Long Volatility” Mean?

A long volatility (long vol) position means you benefit when volatility increases.

How does it work?

When volatility rises, option premiums increase. So if you buy options (calls and puts), their value increases not only because of price movement but also because of rising implied volatility.

Example

A stock is about to announce earnings. Nobody knows in which direction it will move, but everyone expects a big move.

You buy a long straddle, i.e., simultaneous buying of a call and a put option for the same underlying asset, with the same strike price and expiry date.

If the stock makes a sharp move (either side), you profit because volatility expands.

What does “Short Volatility” Mean

A short volatility (short vol) position means you benefit when volatility decreases.

How Does it Work?

When volatility drops, option premiums drop. So if you sell options (calls and puts), you profit from this decline.

Example

Let us say that, before an event, implied volatility spikes because traders expect a big move.

But after the event, the uncertainty disappears, even if the stock barely moves. This leads to IV Crush, where option premiums drop sharply. If you were an option seller, you would profit from this drop.

The Role of India VIX

India VIX, or India Volatility Index, is a key market indicator that measures the expected volatility of the NIFTY 50 index over the next 30 days. It is often referred to as the ‘fear index’ because it reflects investor sentiment and market uncertainty.

India VIX is calculated from implied volatility in NIFTY options and reflects expected market volatility.

Traders use it in the following way,

High VIX is considered good for short vol strategies
Low VIX is considered good for long vol strategies.

How Strategies are formed out of view on Volatility

Once you understand volatility, you stop “choosing strategies randomly” and start building them based on what you expect the market to do.

If you feel the market is underestimating movement, maybe due to an event, breakout, or uncertainty, you naturally move towards long volatility strategies because you want to benefit if the possible movement turns out to be bigger.

This thinking leads you to strategies like:

Straddles and Strangles
Calendar spreads

Now consider the opposite situation.

If you feel the market is overestimating movement, you lean towards short volatility strategies.

This leads to strategies like:

Short Straddles or Strangles
Iron Condors
Covered Calls

Table of Difference: Long Vol vs. Short Vol

S. No	Aspect	Long Volatility (Long Vol)	Short Volatility (Short Vol)
1	Idea	You are betting that the market will make a big move soon without caring about direction, just movement.	You are betting that the market will be stable or move less than expected.
2	Approach	This usually involves buying options (calls, puts, straddles). You pay a premium, hoping it expands.	This involves selling options. You collect premium upfront and hope it shrinks over time.
3	Volatility Behaviour	You want volatility to increase.	You want volatility to decrease.
4	How You Make Money	You profit when the stock/index makes a sharp move or when option premiums rise due to increasing IV.	You profit when the market stays range-bound, and option premiums slowly decay due to falling IV.
5	Role of Time	Time works against you. Every passing day reduces the value of your options.	Time works in your favour. You earn from the natural decay of option premiums.
6	Risk Profile	Your loss is limited to the premium paid, but profits need a strong move.	Your profit is limited to the premium collected, but losses can be large if the market moves sharply.

Conclusion

Options trading is not just about predicting whether the market will go up or down. It is more about understanding how much the market is expected to move, and whether that expectation is right or wrong.

If you believe the market is underestimating movement, you naturally lean towards long vol strategies, where you benefit from big swings. On the other hand, if you feel the market is overreacting, short vol strategies tend to work better, allowing you to benefit from stability and time decay.

There’s no “better” side here. Both approaches work.
Stay ahead with real-time market insights & latest news. Download Pocketful – Zero brokerage on delivery, no AMC, and a seamless, easy-to-use platform.

S.NO.	Check Out These Interesting Posts You Might Enjoy!
1	Swing Trading vs Day Trading: Which Strategy Is Right For You?
2	Difference Between Forward and Future Contracts Explained
3	Difference between Margin Trading and Leverage Trading
4	SIP in Stocks vs SIP in Mutual funds?
5	Value Investing Vs Intraday Trading: Which Is More Profitable?
6	Mutual Funds vs Direct Investing: Differences, Pros, Cons, and Suitability
7	Difference Between Trading and Investing

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Which is safer: Long vol or short vol?
In long vol, loss is limited to the premium paid, while short vol can have a greater risk.
When should I use long vol strategies?
You should use long vol strategies during events, breakouts, or uncertain situations where big moves are likely.
Can I combine long vol and short vol strategies?
Yes, many traders switch between them depending on the market conditions or even combine them in advanced ways.
What is the biggest mistake beginners make?
Ignoring volatility completely and focusing on only the direction, which eventually often leads to unexpected losses.
What is IV crush?
A sudden drop in implied volatility leads to a fall in option prices.

March 27, 2026

What is Gamma in Options Trading?

If you have ever tried learning options trading, you have probably come across something called “Greeks.” At first, they sound complicated: Delta, Gamma, Theta, Vega, but once you understand them, they actually make trading much clearer.

Among these, Gamma is one of the most misunderstood yet most widely used concepts.

Let us break it down in a simple way.

Understanding Gamma

Before we jump into Gamma, let us take a step back.

In options trading:

Delta tells you how much the option price moves when the stock moves.
Gamma tells you how much Delta itself will change when the stock moves.

In technical terms, Gamma measures the rate of change of Delta with respect to the underlying asset’s price.

But if we simplify that with the help of a simple example

Think of it like this:

Delta is the Speed
Gamma is the Acceleration

If your car is moving at 60 km/h (Delta), Gamma tells you how quickly that speed is increasing or decreasing.

Example

Imagine you bought a call option of ABC stock, while the stock was trading at INR 2,500.

Current Delta – 0.50 (if the stock moves INR 1, your option price will move INR 0.50)

Current Gamma – 0.10

Now the scenario is if the stock price rises by INR 1 i.e., from INR 2,500 to INR 2,501

Your delta will increase by the gamma value and will move from 0.50 to 0.60 (0.50 + 0.10).

Since your delta is now higher, your option will become even more sensitive to the next INR 1 move.

Now, if the stock moves another INR 1, your option price will rise by 0.60 instead of the earlier 0.50.

Importance of Gamma in Options Trading

At first, Gamma looks like a “secondary” concept compared to Delta. But it becomes extremely important, especially in volatile markets.

1. It explains why profits and losses accelerate

Have you ever noticed how some trades start slowly but suddenly pick up speed?

That is where Gamma comes into action.

When Gamma is high, your profits can grow faster if the market moves in your favor
But losses can also increase just as quickly if things go against you

This is why two similar trades can behave very differently. One might move steadily, while another suddenly “jumps” in value.

2. It becomes crucial near expiry

If you have traded options close to expiry, you have probably experienced how unpredictable things can get.

Small price movements suddenly feel big. Premiums spike or drop quickly. Positions that looked safe in the morning can turn risky by afternoon. This happens because Gamma increases sharply as expiry approaches.

That’s why Gamma is especially important for short-term traders.

3. It separates buyers and sellers

Gamma also explains a key difference between option buyers and sellers.

Option buyers benefit from Gamma
Their positions become more favourable when the market moves
Option sellers are exposed to Gamma risk
Their positions can turn against them during sharp moves

This is why sellers often prefer stable markets, while buyers look for volatility.

Where Gamma is Highest

Gamma does not stay the same. It changes based on:

At-the-Money (ATM) Options: Gamma is highest when the option is near the current market price because small price changes can flip the option from profit to loss (or vice versa).
Near Expiry: As expiry approaches, Gamma increases sharply since prices move aggressively.
High Volatility Conditions: When markets are moving rapidly, Gamma effects become more visible. In fact, high Gamma means even small moves in the stock can cause large changes in risk exposure.

Risks of Gamma in Options Trading

Sudden increase in risk exposure: The biggest flaw of gamma is that your positions do not stay stable. You might at first enter a trade thinking that the trade is manageable, but if gamma is high, even a small move in the underlying asset can change your delta, thereby making your risk much larger than expected.
Losses can amplify quickly: Gamma does not just increase profits; it accelerates your losses, too. If the market moves against your desired position, your delta will shift, and your losses will start increasing.
High risk for option sellers: When you sell options, you have negative gamma. If the market moves sharply, your positions become more and more unfavourable. In other words, you lose control faster over your positions in volatile markets.
Hedging becomes difficult: We have always read that by hedging your position, you can manage risk. But with high gamma, your delta keeps changing rapidly, and any hedge you place becomes outdated, which eventually makes hedging more complex and costly.

What is the ‘Ideal Gamma’

1. For option buyers

If you are someone who is buying options, you generally want higher Gamma, because:

Your Delta improves when the market moves in your favor
Your profits can accelerate quickly
You benefit from strong, sharp moves

So, the ideal Gamma for buyers is:

High enough to benefit from movement
But not so high that time decay and cost eat you up

2. For option sellers

If you are someone selling options, your goal is usually stability. That means you prefer low Gamma, because

Your position remains more predictable
Delta does not change instantly
You avoid a sudden rise in risk

So, the ideal Gamma for sellers is as low as possible, especially when markets are volatile.

Conclusion

Gamma is one of those concepts that feels complicated at first, but once it clicks, it completely changes how you look at options trading.

It teaches you that markets do not move in a straight line, and neither does your risk. Your position keeps evolving with every price change, and Gamma is what drives that change. Start your investing journey with Pocketful – zero brokerage on delivery, no AMC, and advanced F&O tools. Stay ahead with finance concepts and market insights.

S.NO.	Check Out These Interesting Posts You Might Enjoy!
1	What is Future Trading and How Does It Work?
2	What is Intraday Trading?
3	What is Options Trading?
4	Breakout Trading: Definition, Pros, And Cons
5	What is Algo Trading?
6	What is Tick Trading? Meaning & How Does it Work?
7	What is Spread Trading?
8	MCX Trading: What is it? MCX Meaning, Features & More
9	What is Crude Oil Trading and How Does it Work?
10	Silver Futures Trading – Meaning, Benefits and Risks

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is Gamma in simple terms?
Gamma tells you how much Delta will change when the stock price moves.
Why is Gamma important?
It helps you understand how quickly your risk and position can change.
When is Gamma highest?
Gamma is the highest for At-the-money options and near expiry.
Can Gamma change over time?
Yes, it keeps changing with price movement and time to expiry.
Is Gamma important for beginners?
Yes, even basic awareness can prevent unexpected losses.

March 27, 2026

Iran War Impact on Petrol, Diesel & LPG Prices in India

News about Middle East tensions comes on TV, and most of us in India just move on. It feels like a distant problem. But a few days later, petrol costs more, your vegetable vendor adjusts his prices, and the LPG bill looks different. That is not a coincidence. What happens in the Middle East has a direct effect on what you spend in India every single month.

In today’s blog, we will find out to what extent a war can impact our daily lives.

Why Iran Matters for Oil Prices

Iran is among the largest oil producers globally. Iran borders the Strait of Hormuz, a narrow strip of water in the Persian Gulf through which about 20% of the global oil is shipped daily. When that path is threatened, the oil-importing nations globally begin to panic.

Picture it as the only gate to a massive oil warehouse. If that gate gets closed, every country dependent on oil imports starts to suffer.

As soon as Iran gets involved in any conflict, oil traders worldwide begin panic-buying. They fear the supply will get cut off, so they rush to stock up early. That panic alone drives crude oil prices up sharply, sometimes within the very same day the news breaks. India has to import nearly 85% of the crude oil it uses. So when global oil prices shoot up, India’s costs go up along with it.

What Happens to Petrol and Diesel Prices in India

All crude oil India buys is paid for in US dollars. So when global crude prices rise, the rupee usually weakens against the dollar, which usually happens during global uncertainty.

When Iran-Israel tensions peaked in April 2024, Brent crude touched $90 per barrel, and India’s oil import bill rose sharply that month.

Petrol and diesel prices in India are deregulated, meaning they should move in line with global crude prices and currency changes. But in reality, oil marketing companies like Indian Oil, BPCL, and HPCL do not always pass on the full increase right away.

During volatile periods, they often absorb part of the cost to avoid sudden price shocks for consumers; eventually, prices have to be adjusted.

Once revision happens, petrol goes up ₹2-5 per litre, and diesel also follows. Since trucks run on diesel and trucks carry most of India’s goods, grocery prices go up, vegetable prices increase, and courier charges rise. You end up paying more for things that have nothing to do with fuel.

LPG Cylinder Prices and the Iran Connection

That gas cylinder in your kitchen is linked to Gulf politics more than most people realise. India imports a large share of its LPG from Gulf countries.

So when shipping and supply get disrupted, or energy costs rise because of Middle East tensions, bringing LPG into India costs more, and that extra cost eventually reaches your cylinder bill.

In 2022, global energy prices went through the roof due to geopolitical tensions, and LPG cylinder prices crossed ₹1,000 in many cities across India.

The government had to keep stepping in with subsidies just so common households could afford it. A 14.2 kg cylinder that cost around ₹500 in 2015 now sits above ₹800 in most cities.

Restaurants and small food businesses run on commercial LPG, which gets little subsidy protection. When their gas bills go up, they pass it on through food prices. So your plate of rice and lentil at a local food shop gets costlier too.

How Long Does the Impact Last?

Usually, short conflicts that do not involve open oil routes end in a few weeks. Prices drop, traders relax, and crude prices stabilise.

However, when a fight lasts or the Strait of Hormuz is closed, the consequences can be severe and prolonged.

Crude is already above 110 per barrel and has been exerting intense financial strain on the economy of India, the rupee and all household budgets. India has stocked emergency oil reserves and has purchased oil in numerous countries such as Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq to minimise risk. Still, a full-fledged Iran war would shake things up.

Conclusion

What happens in Iran finds its way to your tank and your kitchen in a few days. Being heavily dependent on oil imports, any disruption in the Middle East results in the prices of petrol, diesel and LPG in India. As soon as you realize that connection, you will read the news in a different way and will be able to plan your budget a bit better when the situation in the world is tense.
Start your investing journey with Pocketful – zero brokerage on delivery, no AMC, and advanced F&O tools. Stay ahead with finance concepts and market insights.

S.NO.	Check Out These Interesting Posts You Might Enjoy!
1	Best stocks to buy in wartime as Iran-US clash intensifies
2	Stocks Most Positively and Negatively Affected by the Iran–US War: Daily Market Analysis
3	Will LPG Cylinder Prices Increase Due to the Iran War?
4	Why Oil Prices Rise During War \| Iran-US War
5	How the Iran War Impact on Oil, LPG, Gold & Inflation?
6	Best Oil and Gas Stocks to Watch as Global Oil Prices Surge
7	Top Sectors to Watch During Geopolitical Tensions in India
8	Impact of Iran War on Indian Shipping Sector and Shipping Stocks

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Does every Middle East conflict affect petrol prices in India?
Whenever there is a real threat to oil supply routes, crude prices go up globally, and India’s prices follow sooner or later.
How quickly do petrol prices change after a global event?
Global crude reacts within hours. But petrol and diesel prices in India get revised periodically by oil companies, so the effect usually shows up within a few days to a couple of weeks.
Why cannot India just keep fuel prices fixed?
India buys 85% of its crude from abroad and pays in dollars. When global prices rise, actual costs go up regardless. Subsidies can hold prices for a while, but doing it for too long puts serious strain on government finances.
Is LPG more or less affected than petrol?
Both get hit. Household LPG has some subsidy protection, so it feels slightly less. Commercial LPG and petrol take the impact more directly and faster.
Can Iran actually block oil supply to India?
Yes, if it shuts the Strait of Hormuz, every oil-importing country, including India, gets badly affected, since a huge share of global oil moves through that route daily.

March 27, 2026

Blog

1 Pavan Gold in Grams: Conversion, Price & Calculation Guide

What is a Pavan in Gold?

Where did this term originate?

1 Pavan Gold in Gram – Exact Value Explained

Pavan to Gram Conversion Table

Why is 1 Pavan Equal to 8 Grams?

Is this based on a calculation?

1 Kg Gold How Much Pavan?

Common Mistakes People Make with Pavan Conversion

Pavan vs Other Gold Units

Conclusion

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is 1 pavan in grams?

How do you convert pavans to grams?

How many pavans are there in 1 kg of gold?

Is the pavan used across India?

Does the gold rate impact pavan pricing?

Are the pavan and the tola the same?

GIFT Nifty Timings: Trading Hours, Opening Time & Market Impact

What is GIFT Nifty?

GIFT Nifty Timings

Why GIFT Nifty Opens So Early?

How GIFT Nifty Impacts Indian Market Opening

1. Functions as a Pre-Market Indicator

2. Signals Gap-Up and Gap-Down Openings

3. Reflects Global Market Sentiment

4. Reflects Institutional Activity

5. Aids in Pre-Market Decision Making

6. Early Signal for Volatility

7. Influences the NSE Pre-Open Session

8. Does Not Always Provide Exact Predictions

How Traders Use GIFT Nifty Timings

1. Pre-Market Strategy Planning

2. Overnight Risk Management

3. Global News Reaction Tracking

4. Directional Clarity for Intraday Traders

5. Confirmation for Swing & Positional Traders

6. Arbitrage & Price Difference Opportunities

7. Assistance in Understanding Market Psychology

GIFT Nifty vs Nifty 50 Timings

Limitations of GIFT Nifty

Conclusion

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are the GIFT Nifty trading hours?

What is the GIFT Nifty opening time?

What is the GIFT Nifty closing time?

How does GIFT Nifty affect the Indian market?

Is GIFT Nifty always accurate?

GoldBees vs Physical Gold: Key Differences

What Is GoldBees?

Features of GoldBees

Pros of GoldBees

Cons of GoldBees

What Is Physical Gold?

Features of Physical Gold

Pros of Physical Gold

Cons of Physical Gold

GoldBees vs Physical Gold: Key Differences

Returns and Tax Comparison – GoldBees vs Physical Gold

Who Should Invest in GoldBees vs Physical Gold?

GoldBees is suitable for

Physical Gold is suitable for

Conclusion

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Is GoldBees better than physical gold?

Can I convert GoldBees into physical gold?

Is GoldBees safe?

Do I need a demat account to invest in GoldBees?

Which is more profitable, GoldBees or physical gold?

What are International ETFs?

What Are International ETFs?

How do International ETFs work?

How to Invest in International ETFs

Types of International ETFs

1. Global ETFs

2. Developed Markets ETFs

3. Emerging Markets

4. Country-Specific ETFs

Advantages of International ETFs