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What are International ETFs?

Most investors start their journey by buying stocks or mutual funds within their own country. But one needs to understand that the world’s biggest companies and fastest-growing sectors are spread across many countries. Have you ever thought about global giants like Apple, Microsoft, or Nvidia? Though they are not listed on Indian stock exchanges, they play an important role in the global economy.

So how can Indian investors participate in that growth?

One simple way is through International Exchange Traded Funds (International ETFs).

In this blog, we will break down what international ETFs are, how they work, their benefits and risks, and how Indian investors can start investing in them.

What Are International ETFs?

An International ETF is a type of exchange-traded fund that puts money into companies that are not listed in your home country. It is a basket of securities that trades on a stock exchange, just like any other ETF.

Example

Suppose you buy an ETF that tracks the Nasdaq-100 index. By purchasing just one unit of that ETF, you indirectly invest in companies like Amazon, Alphabet, or Microsoft. Instead of buying each stock separately, the ETF bundles them together and mirrors the index’s performance. This makes global investing simpler and more accessible for retail investors.

How do International ETFs work?

International ETFs work a lot like regular ETFs. The main difference is that their investments are in markets outside of India.

The ETF tracks a global index: Most international ETFs track well-known global indices, and the goal of the ETF is to replicate the performance of that index.

The fund invests in the same companies: To mirror the index, the ETF holds the same stocks in roughly the same proportions. For example, if Apple has a 10% weight in the index, the ETF will also allocate around 10% of its portfolio to Apple.

The ETF is listed on a stock exchange: Investors can buy or sell ETF units through their trading account, just like buying a stock. The price changes throughout the trading day depending on demand, supply, and the value of the underlying assets.

Returns follow the index: The value of the ETF usually goes up when the index goes up. Returns may be a little different, though, due to factors such as the expense ratio, tracking error, and currency changes.

How to Invest in International ETFs

Open a Demat and Trading Account: Open a demat and trading account with a registered stockbroker to place orders. like Pocketful and begin your trading journey with ease.

Research and Analyse International ETFs: Before you start ETFs investing, it is important to understand which index the ETF tracks. Some focus on the U.S market, while others track other global indices. Also, look for expense ratios, tracking error, etc.

Decide your Allocation: Do not allocate or concentrate your entire capital in a single ETF. An allocation of 10-20% of your international investments, depending on your risk tolerance is suggested.

Place a Buy Order: Once you have selected an ETF, check what price it is trading at, and then place a buy order.

Types of International ETFs

1. Global ETFs

These ETFs provide exposure to multiple regions and countries and offer global diversification. They allocate capital across established and developing economies, assisting investors in mitigating risks tied to single nations while capitalizing on global economic expansion patterns.

2. Developed Markets ETFs

These ETFs focus on mature economies with established financial systems like Japan, Germany, and the UK. These are typically viewed as steadier, exhibiting steady expansion, robust governance structures, and reduced fluctuation in contrast to developing economies.

3. Emerging Markets

These ETFs target fast-growing but more volatile economies like India. They can deliver stronger growth prospects, driven by fast economic development, urban expansion, and rising consumer demand, yet they also carry greater risk and more volatile market swings. It’s a trade-off.

4. Country-Specific ETFs

These ETFs narrow down to a single country’s market, like a Japan-focused Nikkei 225 ETF. These enable participants to gain focused access to particular national economies, industry shifts, or market possibilities inside that nation, suiting them for planned or opportunistic capital placements.

Advantages of International ETFs

1. Global Diversification

One of the biggest reasons investors look at international ETFs is diversification. If your entire portfolio is invested in Indian stocks, your returns depend on how the Indian economy and related companies perform. International ETFs help spread that risk by giving you exposure to multiple countries and markets.

2. Lower Costs

Most international ETFs are passively managed, that is, they simply track an index instead of depending on fund managers’ expertise to actively pick stocks, which leads to lower expense ratios than actively managed funds.

3. Easy to Buy and Sell

International ETFs trade on stock exchanges just like regular shares, and hence, they are easy to buy and sell through a trading account.

Unlike mutual funds, which are priced only once at the end of the day, ETFs trade throughout market hours.

Disadvantages of International ETFs

1. Currency Fluctuations Can Affect Returns

One important factor that investors often overlook when investing in an international ETF is currency risk.

Since international ETFs invest in foreign markets, returns are affected not only by stock prices but also by exchange rate movements. Currency fluctuations can amplify returns.

2. Tracking Error

International ETFs replicate the performance of their underlying index, but at times they do not match it perfectly.

Small differences can occur because of factors like:

fund expenses
operational costs
currency conversion
delays in adjusting the portfolio

The difference between an ETF’s performance and the index’s is known as tracking error.

3. Investors are usually less Familiar with Foreign Markets

Domestic markets are easier for investors to understand because they are linked with local economic news and developments. Foreign markets, on the other hand, involve different economic conditions, regulations, and industries.

Read Also: Best ETFs in India to Invest

Ways to Invest in International ETFs

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) define the rules for buying international ETFs.

There are two modes through which you can invest in international ETFs

Indian Listed International ETFs on NSE & BSE, like the Motilal Oswal NASDAQ 100 ETF, through a demat account.
Funds of funds (FoFs), which invest in mutual fund schemes that put their money into overseas ETFs.

Additionally, you can also use platforms that offer direct buying of ETFs on the NYSE or NASDAQ.

Taxation of International ETFs

Funds of Funds: If you invest in global markets via FoFs, regarded as non-equity-oriented FoFs, on or after April 1, 2023, all gains will be treated as Short-term Capital Gains and taxed at your applicable income tax slab rate as per section 50AA.
International ETFs listed on Indian exchanges: If you invest in international ETFs listed in India for more than 12 months, your gains are considered long-term and taxed at 12.5%. If you sell within 12 months, the gains are treated as short-term and taxed according to your income tax slab.

Guideline

Within the overall industry limit of US $1 billion, each Mutual Fund can invest up to US $300 million in overseas exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

List of International ETFs in India

S.No	ETF	NAV (in₹)
1	Mirae Asset NYSE FANG+ ETF	133.51
2	Mirae Asset S&P 500 Top 50 ETF	58.33
3	Motilal Oswal Nasdaq Q 50 ETF	90.7
4	Motilal Oswal Nasdaq 100 ETF	220.12
5	Mirae Asset Hang Seng Tech ETF	20.18
6	Nippon India ETF Hang Seng BeES	445.74

(Data as of 17th March, 2026)

Conclusion

Earlier, investing globally felt complicated, opening foreign accounts, dealing with currency conversions, and tracking unfamiliar markets. Today, it has become as simple as buying a stock from your trading app. Adding global exposure apart from domestic investments gives you a cushion. For example, there have been periods when US technology stocks performed strongly while Indian markets were consolidating. A consistent allocation can help you participate in global growth. For more market news and insights, download Pocketful – offering users zero brokerage on delivery trades and an easy to use platform designed for both beginners and experienced investors.

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1	Mutual Fund vs ETF. Are They Same Or Different?
2	What is Nifty BeES ETF? Features, Benefits & How to Invest?
3	ETF vs Stock – Which One is the Better Investment Option?
4	Gold ETF vs Gold Mutual Fund: Differences and Similarities
5	ETF vs Index Fund: Key Differences You Must Know
6	List of Best Commodity ETFs in India

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can I invest in international ETFs from India?
You can buy them directly through your Demat account if they are listed on NSE or BSE.
Are international ETFs risky?
They do carry normal market risks and factors like currency fluctuations and global events can affect their movements.
What is currency risk?
It means your returns can change depending on how the rupee moves against other currencies.
Should beginners invest in international ETFs?
Yes, they can invest but only as a small part of their portfolio.
Do I need a separate international account?
No, many international ETFs are available on Indian exchanges itself.

March 30, 2026

How Does MTF Work? Step-by-Step Explained with Example

Many investors today are curious about how MTF works and whether it can help them take larger positions in the market with limited capital. Margin Trading Facility allows you to buy stocks by paying only a part of the total amount, while your broker funds the rest.

At first, it may sound complex, but the concept becomes clearer once you see it in action. In this guide, we will walk through MTF trading explained in a simple, step-by-step way so you can understand how it fits into real investing decisions.

What is MTF Trading?

MTF stands for the Margin Trading Facility. It is a way to buy stocks without paying the full amount upfront. You invest a part of the total value, and your broker funds the remaining amount on your behalf. This funded portion is treated like a loan, and you are charged interest for the number of days you hold the position.

In simple terms, MTF lets you take a larger position in the market using limited capital. However, since you are trading with borrowed funds, both profits and losses are calculated on the full trade value, which increases the overall risk as well.

Features of MTF Trading

Partial upfront investment, which increases your buying capacity.
Interest is calculated daily on the funded amount.
Available only on broker-approved stocks.
Requires maintaining a minimum margin at all times.
Positions can be carried forward as long as margin is maintained.

Advantages of MTF Trading

Higher exposure in the market with limited capital.
Ability to earn more if the stock moves in your favour.
Flexibility to hold positions instead of same-day exit.
Efficient use of available funds across multiple stocks.

Risks of MTF Trading

Losses are amplified if the stock price falls.
Interest cost reduces overall profitability.
Margin calls may require additional funds quickly.
Brokers can square off positions if margin is not maintained.

Understanding MTF Interest

While the MTF trading is explained, you need to understand how interest works, since this is the main cost involved in using the facility.

In MTF, interest is charged only on the amount funded by the broker, not on your total investment. This means your cost depends on how much you borrow and how long you hold the position. The interest is calculated daily, even though it is usually shown as an annual rate. This is why checking the lowest MTF interest rate becomes important before choosing a broker.

Here is a clear breakdown of Pocketful’s MTF interest structure:

Amount Funded by Pocketful (INR)	Interest Rate (per annum)	Interest Rate (per day)
Upto 1,00,000	5.99%	0.0164%
1,00,001 – 25,00,000	14.60%	0.0400%
Above 25,00,000	16.00%	0.0438%

As seen above, the interest rate varies based on the funded amount. While lower slabs offer more affordable rates, higher funding attracts higher charges. Since interest is applied daily, holding a position for longer periods increases the total cost, potentially reducing your final returns.

How MTF Works: Step-by-Step

To clearly understand how MTF works, you must understand the steps. So, these are the steps that you would need to follow:

1. Choose an MTF-Eligible Stock

Not every stock is available for MTF. Brokers offer only selected, liquid, and relatively stable stocks. This reduces risk for both you and the broker, so always check the approved list before placing a trade.

2. Place an MTF Order

When placing your order, select the MTF option instead of regular delivery. This tells the broker you want to use margin funding rather than paying the full amount yourself.

3. Pay the Required Margin

You only pay a percentage of the total trade value upfront. For example, if the margin requirement is 25%, you invest ₹25,000 for a trade of ₹1,00,000. This is your initial contribution.

4. Broker Funds the Remaining Amount

The broker pays the remaining amount required to complete the trade. This funded portion acts like a loan given to you, and you are responsible for repaying it when you exit the position.

5. Interest is Charged Daily

Interest is charged only on the borrowed amount, not the full trade value. It is calculated daily, which means the longer you hold the position, the more interest you pay.

6. Maintain Margin Requirements

If the stock price falls, your margin value may reduce. In such cases, the broker may ask you to add more funds. If you fail to do so, the position can be closed to limit losses.

7. Exit the Position

When you decide to sell the stock, the broker first recovers the funds, including any interest and charges. The remaining balance is credited to you as profit or adjusted as loss.

MTF Example in India

Now that you understand the interest, let us look at a simple example to complete MTF trading explained in a practical way.

Let’s say you buy shares worth ₹1,00,000 using MTF.

You invest ₹25,000 from your own funds. Now, the broker funds the remaining ₹75,000. This funded amount will attract interest based on the applicable rate.

Assume you fall under the 14.60% per annum slab, which is about 0.0400% per day.

Daily interest = ₹75,000 × 0.0400% = ₹30

For 10 days, total interest = ₹300

Now, let us look at two scenarios.

If the stock price rises and your total value becomes ₹1,08,000. This way, your profit is ₹8,000. Now, you would need to reduce the interest here. It is ₹300. So, your net profit becomes ₹7,700. Since you invested only ₹25,000, the return looks higher.

If the stock price falls to ₹92,000, your loss is ₹8,000. Adding ₹300 as interest, your total loss becomes ₹8,300.

This example shows that while MTF increases your buying power, it also increases both profits and losses, making it important to use it carefully.

Use our Margin Trading Facility Calculator

Who Should Use MTF Trading?

MTF is not meant for every investor. It works best for those who understand market movements and can manage risk carefully.

Short or medium term traders who wish to gain from price movements.
Investors who have limited capital for investing.
Experienced traders who understand leverage, margin calls, and market risks.
Investors with a clear entry, exit, and risk management strategy.
Active market participants who can monitor positions regularly.

Conclusion

MTF can be a useful tool if used with discipline. It helps you increase your market exposure without investing the full amount upfront. At the same time, interest costs and amplified risks make it important to use it carefully.

If you are planning to explore MTF, always compare brokers, check the lowest MTF interest rate, and understand the stock eligibility before investing. Platforms like Pocketful make it easier to get started with transparent pricing and a smooth trading experience.

S.NO.	Check Out These Interesting Posts You Might Enjoy!
1	Top Tips for Successful Margin Trading in India
2	Lowest MTF Interest Rate Brokers in India
3	Margin Pledge: Meaning, Risks, And Benefits
4	Difference between Margin Trading and Leverage Trading
5	Key Differences Between MTF and Loan Against Shares
6	What is Pay Later (MTF) & Steps to Avail Pay Later?
7	What is Margin Funding?
8	What is Stock Margin?
9	What is Margin Money?
10	What Is Margin Trading?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is MTF trading in simple terms?
MTF trading allows you to buy stocks by paying only a part of the total amount, while the broker funds the rest and charges interest on the borrowed portion.
How does MTF interest work?
Interest is charged daily on the amount funded by the broker. It continues to accumulate until you close the position.
What is the lowest MTF interest rate available?
MTF interest rates vary by broker and funding amount. Generally, they can start as low as around 5.99% per annum for smaller slabs and go higher depending on usage.
Can I hold MTF positions for the long term?
Yes, you can hold positions as long as you maintain margin, but higher interest costs make it more suitable for short to medium-term trades.
What happens if I do not maintain margin in MTF?
If margin requirements are not met, the broker may issue a margin call or square off your position to limit losses.

March 29, 2026

Gold Trading on MCX: How to Trade Gold in India for Beginners

In India, gold has always been a trusted investment; however, people are now not merely buying it but are also actively trading in gold. Through the MCX, you can generate profits from price movements without actually purchasing physical gold, which is why it is rapidly gaining popularity among beginners.

What is Gold Trading on MCX?

Gold trading on the MCX means that you trade based on the price movements of gold without physically purchasing the metal. Trading here is conducted through futures contracts, wherein you attempt to generate profit by buying or selling at a future price.

What is the MCX?

MCX (Multi Commodity Exchange of India) is a regulated commodity exchange where futures trading takes place in commodities such as gold, silver, and crude oil. It is India’s largest commodity derivatives exchange, where traders can trade based on online gold prices.

How is Gold Trading conducted?

Trading on the MCX takes place through Gold Futures Contracts:

You buy or sell gold for a future date.
Taking physical delivery of the gold is not required.
Profits are generated solely from fluctuations in the price.

Types of Gold Contracts on MCX

Contract Type	Lot Size	Price Quote	Tick Size (Min Move)	1 Tick P/L
Gold (Standard)	1 kg (1000g)	per 10g	Rs. 1	Rs. 100
Gold Mini	100g	per 10g	Rs. 1	Rs. 10
Gold Ten	10 g	per 10g	Rs. 1	Rs. 1
Gold Guinea	8g	per 8g	Rs. 1	Rs. 1
Gold Petal	1g	per 1g	Rs. 1	Rs. 1

How is profit calculated in Gold MCX trading?

Formula : Profit = Price Change × Lot Size

Let’s assume :

Current Price = ₹1,46,542
You bought at = ₹1,46,542

Scenario	Buy Price (Rs.)	Sell Price (Rs.)	Price Change (Rs.)	Price Change (Rs.)	Result(Rs.)
Price Up	1,46,542	1,46,642	+ 100	100 × 100	+ 10,000
Price Up	1,46,542	1,46,592	+ 50	50 × 100	+ 5,000
Price Down	1,46,542	1,46,442	– 100	-100 × 100	– 10,000

How to Trade Gold in India

Step 1: Open a Trading Account on Pocketful

To start gold trading, first open an account on Pocketful and activate the commodity segment.

Complete KYC using your PAN and Aadhaar
Link your bank account
Enable Commodity (MCX) trading

Step 3: Add Funds to Your Account

Now, it is necessary to deposit funds for trading:

Go to the “Funds” section within the Pocketful app
Add funds using UPI or Net Banking
The balance reflects instantly

Step 4: Select a Gold Contract

Now, decide which gold contract you wish to trade:

Gold (1kg) : High risk
Gold Mini (100g) : Best option
Gold Ten (10g) : Safe for beginners

Step 5: Analyze the Market

Before placing a trade:

View the chart (understand the trend)
Check price movements
Monitor news and global factors

Step 6: Place Your Order

Select the contract
Enter the quantity
Choose between Intraday or Positional trading
Place a Market or Limit order

Step 7: Set a Stop Loss and Target

Manage your risk after placing the trade:
Stop Loss (to control potential losses)
Target (to book profits)

Read Also: How to Buy MCX Gold in India

Key Factors That Affect Gold Prices

Dollar : Gold shares an inverse relationship with the Dollar. When the Dollar strengthens, gold tends to decline; conversely, when the Dollar falls, gold prices rise.
Interest Rates : When interest rates increase, investors often shift away from gold in favor of other assets offering safer returns; consequently, gold market activity tends to slow down.
Inflation : As inflation rises, people tend to invest their money in gold; as a result, both the demand for and the price of gold increase during such periods.
Rupee vs. Dollar : Since gold in India is primarily imported, a depreciation of the Rupee against the Dollar automatically leads to an increase in gold prices within the country.
Global News / Risk : When news regarding war, economic recession, or geopolitical tensions emerges, investors purchase gold as a safe-haven asset, causing its price to rise rapidly.

Intraday vs Positional Gold Trading

Feature	Intraday Trading	Positional Trading
Holding Time	Same Day (Exit before market close)	hold for several days or weeks
Purpose	Short-term profit	Capturing a Major Move by Riding the Trend
Risk	No overnight risk	There is an overnight risk.
Capital	Possible with a low margin.	A little more capital is needed.
Time Required	One has to keep a constant watch on the market.	No need to look repeatedly.
Strategy	Quick entry-exit, small moves	Trend-based, patience required

Advantages of Gold Trading on MCX

High Liquidity : Gold remains highly liquid on the MCX, making it easy to find buyers and sellers. Consequently, there are rarely any issues regarding entry and exit.
Hedge Against Inflation : Gold often remains resilient when inflation rises; therefore, it is considered an effective hedge against inflation.
Two-Way Trading : In the gold market, you can generate profits not only by buying but also by selling. Whether the market moves up or down, opportunities exist in both scenarios.
Low Capital Requirement : You are not required to pay the full value of the gold; instead, you can trade by simply providing a margin amount. This makes trading accessible even with limited capital.
Perceived as a Safe Asset : Compared to stocks, gold is generally considered to be relatively stable; as a result, many traders choose to trade it, viewing it as a safer investment option.

Risks in Gold Trading on MCX

High Volatility : The price of gold on MCX is not always stable. Frequently, prices experience sudden, rapid upward or downward swings; consequently, while rapid profits are possible, losses can also accumulate just as quickly.
Leverage Risk : Gold trading is conducted on margin; therefore, even a minor price movement can result in either a substantial profit or a significant loss. Taking on excessive leverage further amplifies this risk.
Overnight Risk : If a trade position is held overnight, global news or events may cause the market to open with a price gap the following day, potentially leading to unexpected losses.
Emotional Decisions : Entering a trade without a proper plan driven solely by fear or greed is one of the most common mistakes traders make. This often leads to a series of poor decisions.
Lack of Proper Knowledge : Trading without a clear understanding of contract sizes, margin requirements, and price calculations is inherently risky. Even a minor error can result in substantial financial losses.

Conclusion

Gold trading on the MCX presents a great opportunity, but it requires the right knowledge and discipline. If you trade with a solid understanding of the basics and effective risk control, it can prove to be profitable in the long run. The real game lies not in haste, but in trading with prudence. Stay ahead with real-time market insights & latest news. Download Pocketful – Zero brokerage on delivery, no AMC, and a seamless, easy-to-use platform.

Gold Rate in Top Cities of India	Silver Rate in Top Cities of India
Gold rate in Kerala	Silver rate in Kerala
Gold rate in Kolkata	Silver rate in Kolkata
Gold rate in Lucknow	Silver rate in Lucknow
Gold rate in Madurai	Silver rate in Madurai
Gold rate in Mangalore	Silver rate in Mangalore
Gold rate in Mumbai	Silver rate in Mumbai
Gold rate in Mysore	Silver rate in Mysore
Gold rate in Nagpur	Silver rate in Nagpur
Gold rate in Nashik	Silver rate in Nashik

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How to trade gold in India?
Gold futures are traded by opening a commodity account on MCX.
Is gold trading safe for beginners?
It is safe only if you trade with small lot sizes and employ proper risk management.
What is MCX gold trading?
This involves trading based on gold price movements through futures contracts, rather than trading physical gold.
Can I trade gold intraday?
Yes, you can engage in intraday trading by buying and selling on the same day.
Which gold contract is best for beginners?
The Gold Mini or Gold Ten contracts are more suitable for beginners.

March 28, 2026

Top 10 Unlisted Companies in India

Many of India’s largest companies remain unlisted on the stock market to this day; nevertheless, their business operations have reached a scale worth hundreds of thousands of crores. By 2026, the aggregate revenue of these top unlisted companies is projected to exceed ₹8-9 lakh crore a figure that truly underscores their immense strength. In this blog, we will explore some of India’s leading unlisted companies enterprises that currently operate in the private sphere but hold the potential to

Emerge as major players in the IPO market in the near future.

What Are Unlisted Companies?

Unlisted companies are entities that are not listed on the NSE or BSE; in other words, their shares are not available to the general public in the open market. Ownership of these companies typically rests with promoters, private investors, or PE funds.

India’s Top 10 Unlisted Companies by Revenue

S.No	Company	Revenue (Rs. Cr)	Sector
1	Reliance Retail	2,71,000+	Retail
2	Flipkart	83,105	E-commerce
3	Malabar Gold & Diamonds	66,872	Consumer Goods
4	Tata Electronics	66,601	Semiconductors
5	Tata Digital	32,188	Retail
6	Adani Properties	22,726	Retail
7	OfBusiness	22,499	Services
8	Tata Passenger Electric Mobility	15,247	Automobile & Auto Components
9	SBI General Insurance	14,140	Financial Services
10	Haldiram Snacks Food	14,000	Consumer Goods

Overview of the Unlisted Companies in India is given below:

1. Reliance Retail

Reliance Retail continues to remain India’s largest unlisted company, boasting a revenue exceeding ₹2.71 lakh crore. Through its “New Commerce” model, the company has integrated millions of kirana stores into its digital network, thereby creating a robust synergy between offline and online channels. With a nationwide footprint of over 19,000 stores, the company is now rapidly intensifying its focus on quick commerce (via JioMart) and its FMCG brand, “Independence.” Although its growth rate stands at 5%, the sheer scale of its operations is so massive that it surpasses that of numerous listed companies.

2. Flipkart

Flipkart has long remained a strong player in India’s e-commerce market. In 2026, its revenue surpassed ₹83,000 crore, and its growth trajectory remains steady. The company’s current focus is clear: to minimize losses and stabilize the business. Through Shopsy, the company is expanding its reach into smaller cities, a segment characterized by a high concentration of price-sensitive customers. Simultaneously, preparations for an IPO are also progressing steadily.

3. Malabar Gold & Diamonds

Malabar Gold & Diamonds is rapidly expanding its global footprint within the jewelry sector. Its revenue has reached ₹66,872 crore, reflecting a growth rate of approximately 38% a figure considered exceptionally strong. The company currently operates across 15 countries and has successfully entered new markets such as New Zealand and Ireland. Its “One India, One Gold Rate” model distinguishes it from competitors by prioritizing trust and transparency.

4. Tata Electronics

The name Tata Electronics was not heard of very often in the past, but the situation is now changing. In 2026, its revenue reached ₹66,601 crore, and its growth has been remarkably rapid. Its manufacturing plants in Gujarat and Assam have commenced operations, where chips and mobile components are being produced. The Tata Group is working earnestly in this segment, as the demand for electronics manufacturing is set to rise even further in the near future.

5. Tata Digital

Tata Digital manages the Tata Group’s online business operations. Through the Tata Neu app, it offers services such as shopping, medicines, and electronics all within a single application. In 2026, its revenue stood at approximately ₹32,188 crore. Since BigBasket, 1mg, and Croma are already integrated into the platform, users do not need to use separate apps. Currently, the company is gradually expanding the app and incorporating additional features, including payment solutions and other services.

6. Adani Properties

Adani Properties operates in the real estate and infrastructure sectors, and in 2026, its revenue reached approximately ₹22,726 crore. Its growth has been remarkably rapid in recent times, driven primarily by large-scale projects. The company also plays a role in the development currently underway in the vicinity of the Navi Mumbai Airport. Given that the Adani Group is operating on a massive scale within this segment, the volume of its projects is likely to increase further in the future.

7. OfBusiness

OfBusiness is a rapidly growing B2B platform company, with its revenue reaching ₹22,499 crore. It provides SMEs not only with the supply of raw materials such as steel, chemicals, and agricultural products but also with financing solutions. The company’s financial arm, “Oxyzo,” offers credit support, thereby facilitating easy access to funding for businesses. Notably, it stands out as one of the profitable unicorns and is currently preparing for an Initial Public Offering (IPO).

8. Tata Passenger Electric Mobility

Tata Electronics has suddenly surged into the spotlight over the past few years, and the reason is clear semiconductor and electronics manufacturing. In 2026, its revenue reached approximately ₹66,000 crore, marking a period of rapid growth. Major manufacturing plants have already commenced operations in Gujarat and Assam, where chips and iPhone components are being manufactured. The Tata Group is playing a long-term game in this segment, and its role is poised to become even more significant in the future.

9. SBI General Insurance

SBI General Insurance recorded a revenue of approximately ₹14,140 crore in 2026, marking a growth rate of around 11%. It ranks among the fastest-growing companies within the non-life insurance segment. The company is actively extending its reach into rural areas where insurance penetration is gradually on the rise by leveraging its YONO app. Additionally, it is also being considered a part of the future IPO pipeline.

10. Haldiram Snacks Food

Haldiram Snacks Food has now become a consolidated entity, following the merger of its Delhi and Nagpur units. Its estimated revenue for 2026 stands at ₹14,000 crore. The company is driving its traditional snacks business forward through modern packaging and global distribution. Recently, the global investment firm L Catterton acquired a stake in the company, signaling prospects for its future expansion and growth.

Why do these companies remain unlisted?

Retaining Control: When a company is not listed, its promoters are not required to answer to public shareholders for every decision whether minor or major. This makes the decision-making process much easier.
No Quarterly Pressure: Listed companies are required to demonstrate their performance every three months; however, unlisted companies are free from this pressure, allowing them to focus comfortably on long-term planning.
Simpler Rules and Compliance: Once listed on the stock market, reporting requirements and regulatory compliance increase significantly; in contrast, this burden is comparatively lighter for unlisted companies.
Business Information Remains Private: Unlisted companies are not obligated to publicly disclose their financials and strategic plans, thereby ensuring that their business strategies remain confidential.
Control Over IPO Timing: Companies do not rush into listing; instead, they choose to launch an IPO only when their valuation is strong and market conditions appear favorable.

How can one invest in unlisted shares?

Via Pre-IPO Platforms: Nowadays, several trusted platforms offer the option to purchase unlisted shares. Through these platforms, you can acquire shares even before the IPO is launched; however, always ensure you choose a verified platform.
Through Brokers / Dealers: Certain registered brokers facilitate the trading of unlisted shares. Since these transactions take place off-market, proper documentation and a trustworthy broker are absolutely essential.
ESOP (Employee Stock Option) Route: Often, a company’s employees choose to sell their ESOP shares. In such instances, you can acquire unlisted shares indirectly; however, these opportunities are limited in scope.
PMS / AIF (Alternative Investment Funds): For high net-worth investors, investment avenues such as PMS and AIF are available, wherein professional fund managers invest directly in unlisted companies.
Direct Private Deals: In select instances, shares may be acquired through private placements or via one’s personal network; however, this option is not readily accessible to the average retail investor.

Conclusion

Many of India’s greatest growth stories still lie hidden within the unlisted space, the very source from which future IPO opportunities emerge. If you wish to gain a deep understanding of the market, it is essential to keep an eye not only on listed companies but also on these private enterprises. For more market insights and smarter investing, download Pocketful – enjoy zero brokerage, zero AMC, and advanced tools for F&O trading.

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8	10 Best Agro Chemicals Sector Stocks
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are unlisted companies?
Unlisted companies are those that are not listed on the stock market; their shares are not traded publicly.
Can I invest in unlisted shares?
Yes, but not directly through the open market. You have to purchase them through brokers or pre-IPO platforms.

March 28, 2026

Long Vol vs Short Vol in Options Trading

If you have spent even a little time in options trading, you have probably heard traders say things like “I’m short vol here” or “This is a long volatility trade.” But what does that truly signify? Volatility isn’t about price fluctuations – it’s tied to anticipations. Market participants utilize it to assess possible price variations, handle downside exposure, and spot chances. Regardless of whether the market is stable or quite erratic, grasping volatility can grant you a substantial advantage in executing wiser, more calculated trades.

It sounds confusing. Let us break this down for you in today’s blog.

What is Vol

In options trading, ‘Vol’ is the short form of volatility.

Volatility, in simple terms, means how much and how fast the price of an asset moves.

Types of Volatility

Historical Volatility: HV looks at the past price movements and tells you how volatile the stock has been.
Implied Volatility: This is what traders usually mean by ‘Vol’ in options. It reflects the market’s expectation of future price movement.

Now that we understand the two types of volatility, the next step is to see how traders use this concept when trading in real-time.

In options, volatility is not just about observing; it is about actively taking a position that benefits either from rising volatility (long vol) or falling volatility (short vol).

What Does “Long Volatility” Mean?

A long volatility (long vol) position means you benefit when volatility increases.

How does it work?

When volatility rises, option premiums increase. So if you buy options (calls and puts), their value increases not only because of price movement but also because of rising implied volatility.

Example

A stock is about to announce earnings. Nobody knows in which direction it will move, but everyone expects a big move.

You buy a long straddle, i.e., simultaneous buying of a call and a put option for the same underlying asset, with the same strike price and expiry date.

If the stock makes a sharp move (either side), you profit because volatility expands.

What does “Short Volatility” Mean

A short volatility (short vol) position means you benefit when volatility decreases.

How Does it Work?

When volatility drops, option premiums drop. So if you sell options (calls and puts), you profit from this decline.

Example

Let us say that, before an event, implied volatility spikes because traders expect a big move.

But after the event, the uncertainty disappears, even if the stock barely moves. This leads to IV Crush, where option premiums drop sharply. If you were an option seller, you would profit from this drop.

The Role of India VIX

India VIX, or India Volatility Index, is a key market indicator that measures the expected volatility of the NIFTY 50 index over the next 30 days. It is often referred to as the ‘fear index’ because it reflects investor sentiment and market uncertainty.

India VIX is calculated from implied volatility in NIFTY options and reflects expected market volatility.

Traders use it in the following way,

High VIX is considered good for short vol strategies
Low VIX is considered good for long vol strategies.

How Strategies are formed out of view on Volatility

Once you understand volatility, you stop “choosing strategies randomly” and start building them based on what you expect the market to do.

If you feel the market is underestimating movement, maybe due to an event, breakout, or uncertainty, you naturally move towards long volatility strategies because you want to benefit if the possible movement turns out to be bigger.

This thinking leads you to strategies like:

Straddles and Strangles
Calendar spreads

Now consider the opposite situation.

If you feel the market is overestimating movement, you lean towards short volatility strategies.

This leads to strategies like:

Short Straddles or Strangles
Iron Condors
Covered Calls

Table of Difference: Long Vol vs. Short Vol

S. No	Aspect	Long Volatility (Long Vol)	Short Volatility (Short Vol)
1	Idea	You are betting that the market will make a big move soon without caring about direction, just movement.	You are betting that the market will be stable or move less than expected.
2	Approach	This usually involves buying options (calls, puts, straddles). You pay a premium, hoping it expands.	This involves selling options. You collect premium upfront and hope it shrinks over time.
3	Volatility Behaviour	You want volatility to increase.	You want volatility to decrease.
4	How You Make Money	You profit when the stock/index makes a sharp move or when option premiums rise due to increasing IV.	You profit when the market stays range-bound, and option premiums slowly decay due to falling IV.
5	Role of Time	Time works against you. Every passing day reduces the value of your options.	Time works in your favour. You earn from the natural decay of option premiums.
6	Risk Profile	Your loss is limited to the premium paid, but profits need a strong move.	Your profit is limited to the premium collected, but losses can be large if the market moves sharply.

Conclusion

Options trading is not just about predicting whether the market will go up or down. It is more about understanding how much the market is expected to move, and whether that expectation is right or wrong.

If you believe the market is underestimating movement, you naturally lean towards long vol strategies, where you benefit from big swings. On the other hand, if you feel the market is overreacting, short vol strategies tend to work better, allowing you to benefit from stability and time decay.

There’s no “better” side here. Both approaches work.
Stay ahead with real-time market insights & latest news. Download Pocketful – Zero brokerage on delivery, no AMC, and a seamless, easy-to-use platform.

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6	Mutual Funds vs Direct Investing: Differences, Pros, Cons, and Suitability
7	Difference Between Trading and Investing

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Which is safer: Long vol or short vol?
In long vol, loss is limited to the premium paid, while short vol can have a greater risk.
When should I use long vol strategies?
You should use long vol strategies during events, breakouts, or uncertain situations where big moves are likely.
Can I combine long vol and short vol strategies?
Yes, many traders switch between them depending on the market conditions or even combine them in advanced ways.
What is the biggest mistake beginners make?
Ignoring volatility completely and focusing on only the direction, which eventually often leads to unexpected losses.
What is IV crush?
A sudden drop in implied volatility leads to a fall in option prices.

March 27, 2026

What is Gamma in Options Trading?

If you have ever tried learning options trading, you have probably come across something called “Greeks.” At first, they sound complicated: Delta, Gamma, Theta, Vega, but once you understand them, they actually make trading much clearer.

Among these, Gamma is one of the most misunderstood yet most widely used concepts.

Let us break it down in a simple way.

Understanding Gamma

Before we jump into Gamma, let us take a step back.

In options trading:

Delta tells you how much the option price moves when the stock moves.
Gamma tells you how much Delta itself will change when the stock moves.

In technical terms, Gamma measures the rate of change of Delta with respect to the underlying asset’s price.

But if we simplify that with the help of a simple example

Think of it like this:

Delta is the Speed
Gamma is the Acceleration

If your car is moving at 60 km/h (Delta), Gamma tells you how quickly that speed is increasing or decreasing.

Example

Imagine you bought a call option of ABC stock, while the stock was trading at INR 2,500.

Current Delta – 0.50 (if the stock moves INR 1, your option price will move INR 0.50)

Current Gamma – 0.10

Now the scenario is if the stock price rises by INR 1 i.e., from INR 2,500 to INR 2,501

Your delta will increase by the gamma value and will move from 0.50 to 0.60 (0.50 + 0.10).

Since your delta is now higher, your option will become even more sensitive to the next INR 1 move.

Now, if the stock moves another INR 1, your option price will rise by 0.60 instead of the earlier 0.50.

Importance of Gamma in Options Trading

At first, Gamma looks like a “secondary” concept compared to Delta. But it becomes extremely important, especially in volatile markets.

1. It explains why profits and losses accelerate

Have you ever noticed how some trades start slowly but suddenly pick up speed?

That is where Gamma comes into action.

When Gamma is high, your profits can grow faster if the market moves in your favor
But losses can also increase just as quickly if things go against you

This is why two similar trades can behave very differently. One might move steadily, while another suddenly “jumps” in value.

2. It becomes crucial near expiry

If you have traded options close to expiry, you have probably experienced how unpredictable things can get.

Small price movements suddenly feel big. Premiums spike or drop quickly. Positions that looked safe in the morning can turn risky by afternoon. This happens because Gamma increases sharply as expiry approaches.

That’s why Gamma is especially important for short-term traders.

3. It separates buyers and sellers

Gamma also explains a key difference between option buyers and sellers.

Option buyers benefit from Gamma
Their positions become more favourable when the market moves
Option sellers are exposed to Gamma risk
Their positions can turn against them during sharp moves

This is why sellers often prefer stable markets, while buyers look for volatility.

Where Gamma is Highest

Gamma does not stay the same. It changes based on:

At-the-Money (ATM) Options: Gamma is highest when the option is near the current market price because small price changes can flip the option from profit to loss (or vice versa).
Near Expiry: As expiry approaches, Gamma increases sharply since prices move aggressively.
High Volatility Conditions: When markets are moving rapidly, Gamma effects become more visible. In fact, high Gamma means even small moves in the stock can cause large changes in risk exposure.

Risks of Gamma in Options Trading

Sudden increase in risk exposure: The biggest flaw of gamma is that your positions do not stay stable. You might at first enter a trade thinking that the trade is manageable, but if gamma is high, even a small move in the underlying asset can change your delta, thereby making your risk much larger than expected.
Losses can amplify quickly: Gamma does not just increase profits; it accelerates your losses, too. If the market moves against your desired position, your delta will shift, and your losses will start increasing.
High risk for option sellers: When you sell options, you have negative gamma. If the market moves sharply, your positions become more and more unfavourable. In other words, you lose control faster over your positions in volatile markets.
Hedging becomes difficult: We have always read that by hedging your position, you can manage risk. But with high gamma, your delta keeps changing rapidly, and any hedge you place becomes outdated, which eventually makes hedging more complex and costly.

What is the ‘Ideal Gamma’

1. For option buyers

If you are someone who is buying options, you generally want higher Gamma, because:

Your Delta improves when the market moves in your favor
Your profits can accelerate quickly
You benefit from strong, sharp moves

So, the ideal Gamma for buyers is:

High enough to benefit from movement
But not so high that time decay and cost eat you up

2. For option sellers

If you are someone selling options, your goal is usually stability. That means you prefer low Gamma, because

Your position remains more predictable
Delta does not change instantly
You avoid a sudden rise in risk

So, the ideal Gamma for sellers is as low as possible, especially when markets are volatile.

Conclusion

Gamma is one of those concepts that feels complicated at first, but once it clicks, it completely changes how you look at options trading.

It teaches you that markets do not move in a straight line, and neither does your risk. Your position keeps evolving with every price change, and Gamma is what drives that change. Start your investing journey with Pocketful – zero brokerage on delivery, no AMC, and advanced F&O tools. Stay ahead with finance concepts and market insights.

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6	What is Tick Trading? Meaning & How Does it Work?
7	What is Spread Trading?
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10	Silver Futures Trading – Meaning, Benefits and Risks

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is Gamma in simple terms?
Gamma tells you how much Delta will change when the stock price moves.
Why is Gamma important?
It helps you understand how quickly your risk and position can change.
When is Gamma highest?
Gamma is the highest for At-the-money options and near expiry.
Can Gamma change over time?
Yes, it keeps changing with price movement and time to expiry.
Is Gamma important for beginners?
Yes, even basic awareness can prevent unexpected losses.

March 27, 2026

Iran War Impact on Petrol, Diesel & LPG Prices in India

News about Middle East tensions comes on TV, and most of us in India just move on. It feels like a distant problem. But a few days later, petrol costs more, your vegetable vendor adjusts his prices, and the LPG bill looks different. That is not a coincidence. What happens in the Middle East has a direct effect on what you spend in India every single month.

In today’s blog, we will find out to what extent a war can impact our daily lives.

Why Iran Matters for Oil Prices

Iran is among the largest oil producers globally. Iran borders the Strait of Hormuz, a narrow strip of water in the Persian Gulf through which about 20% of the global oil is shipped daily. When that path is threatened, the oil-importing nations globally begin to panic.

Picture it as the only gate to a massive oil warehouse. If that gate gets closed, every country dependent on oil imports starts to suffer.

As soon as Iran gets involved in any conflict, oil traders worldwide begin panic-buying. They fear the supply will get cut off, so they rush to stock up early. That panic alone drives crude oil prices up sharply, sometimes within the very same day the news breaks. India has to import nearly 85% of the crude oil it uses. So when global oil prices shoot up, India’s costs go up along with it.

What Happens to Petrol and Diesel Prices in India

All crude oil India buys is paid for in US dollars. So when global crude prices rise, the rupee usually weakens against the dollar, which usually happens during global uncertainty.

When Iran-Israel tensions peaked in April 2024, Brent crude touched $90 per barrel, and India’s oil import bill rose sharply that month.

Petrol and diesel prices in India are deregulated, meaning they should move in line with global crude prices and currency changes. But in reality, oil marketing companies like Indian Oil, BPCL, and HPCL do not always pass on the full increase right away.

During volatile periods, they often absorb part of the cost to avoid sudden price shocks for consumers; eventually, prices have to be adjusted.

Once revision happens, petrol goes up ₹2-5 per litre, and diesel also follows. Since trucks run on diesel and trucks carry most of India’s goods, grocery prices go up, vegetable prices increase, and courier charges rise. You end up paying more for things that have nothing to do with fuel.

LPG Cylinder Prices and the Iran Connection

That gas cylinder in your kitchen is linked to Gulf politics more than most people realise. India imports a large share of its LPG from Gulf countries.

So when shipping and supply get disrupted, or energy costs rise because of Middle East tensions, bringing LPG into India costs more, and that extra cost eventually reaches your cylinder bill.

In 2022, global energy prices went through the roof due to geopolitical tensions, and LPG cylinder prices crossed ₹1,000 in many cities across India.

The government had to keep stepping in with subsidies just so common households could afford it. A 14.2 kg cylinder that cost around ₹500 in 2015 now sits above ₹800 in most cities.

Restaurants and small food businesses run on commercial LPG, which gets little subsidy protection. When their gas bills go up, they pass it on through food prices. So your plate of rice and lentil at a local food shop gets costlier too.

How Long Does the Impact Last?

Usually, short conflicts that do not involve open oil routes end in a few weeks. Prices drop, traders relax, and crude prices stabilise.

However, when a fight lasts or the Strait of Hormuz is closed, the consequences can be severe and prolonged.

Crude is already above 110 per barrel and has been exerting intense financial strain on the economy of India, the rupee and all household budgets. India has stocked emergency oil reserves and has purchased oil in numerous countries such as Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq to minimise risk. Still, a full-fledged Iran war would shake things up.

Conclusion

What happens in Iran finds its way to your tank and your kitchen in a few days. Being heavily dependent on oil imports, any disruption in the Middle East results in the prices of petrol, diesel and LPG in India. As soon as you realize that connection, you will read the news in a different way and will be able to plan your budget a bit better when the situation in the world is tense.
Start your investing journey with Pocketful – zero brokerage on delivery, no AMC, and advanced F&O tools. Stay ahead with finance concepts and market insights.

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5	How the Iran War Impact on Oil, LPG, Gold & Inflation?
6	Best Oil and Gas Stocks to Watch as Global Oil Prices Surge
7	Top Sectors to Watch During Geopolitical Tensions in India
8	Impact of Iran War on Indian Shipping Sector and Shipping Stocks

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Does every Middle East conflict affect petrol prices in India?
Whenever there is a real threat to oil supply routes, crude prices go up globally, and India’s prices follow sooner or later.
How quickly do petrol prices change after a global event?
Global crude reacts within hours. But petrol and diesel prices in India get revised periodically by oil companies, so the effect usually shows up within a few days to a couple of weeks.
Why cannot India just keep fuel prices fixed?
India buys 85% of its crude from abroad and pays in dollars. When global prices rise, actual costs go up regardless. Subsidies can hold prices for a while, but doing it for too long puts serious strain on government finances.
Is LPG more or less affected than petrol?
Both get hit. Household LPG has some subsidy protection, so it feels slightly less. Commercial LPG and petrol take the impact more directly and faster.
Can Iran actually block oil supply to India?
Yes, if it shuts the Strait of Hormuz, every oil-importing country, including India, gets badly affected, since a huge share of global oil moves through that route daily.

March 27, 2026

Nifty Weekly Options Strategy for Beginners

In today’s environment, Nifty weekly options trading is rapidly gaining popularity, primarily because it features weekly expirations and allows for trading with relatively low capital. However, the reality is that many beginners incur losses despite employing the right strategies simply because they lack a clear plan and discipline. In this blog post, we will explore a simple and practical Nifty weekly options strategy that beginners can easily follow to manage risk more effectively.

What is Nifty Weekly Options?

Nifty Weekly Options are a type of derivative contract based on the Nifty 50 index. They are primarily used to trade on short-term price movements. Since these options expire every week, the movement of premiums is rapid, and they offer frequent trading opportunities. It is crucial for beginners to understand that in Weekly Options, profitability does not depend solely on the direction of the market; rather, factors such as the erosion of premium over time (time decay) and market volatility also play a significant role. Consequently, trading in these options carries a higher level of risk in the absence of a sound strategy.

What is included in Nifty Weekly Options?

Component	Explanation
Underlying Index	The Nifty 50 Index, upon which the entire option is based.
Call Option (CE)	Buying takes place when the market is expected to rise.
Put Option (PE)	Buying takes place when the market is expected to go down.
Strike Price	The level at which you buy or sell options.
Premium	The price paid to purchase an option.
Expiry	Weekly Expiry Date
Lot Size	Fixed units in a contract (determined by NSE)
Intrinsic Value	Intrinsic Value of an Option (When In-the-Money)
Time Value	Additional Premium Value Based on Time
Volatility (IV)	The market’s fluctuating pace, which influences premiums.

How Nifty Weekly Options Trading Works

It is essential to understand the mechanics of Nifty Weekly Options trading, as this is where the process of making the right decisions begins. In this approach, you do not directly purchase the index; instead, you place a bet on its future price movements.

Basic Working Structure :

Component	Role in Trading
Call Option (CE)	If the market goes up, there will be a profit.
Put Option (PE)	If the market goes down, it’s profitable.
Strike Price	The level at which you are taking a trade
Premium	Option Purchase Price

Weekly Expiry System :

Weekly options expire every week; therefore, they have a very short time horizon.

As the expiration date approaches, the premium declines rapidly.
If the market does not move in the expected direction, losses occur quickly.

Price Movement Logic :

Factor	Impact on Option Price
Market Direction	Greatest Impact (Up/Down Move)
Time Decay	The premium decreases over time.
Volatility	The premium can rise or fall rapidly.

Role of Timing :

In Nifty Weekly Options, simply getting the direction right is not enough.

If you do not enter at the right time, the premium may drop, and the trade could result in a loss.

Core Concept Behind Weekly Options Strategy

In Nifty Weekly Options, simply buying or selling is not enough. To understand the right strategy, it is essential to have a clear grasp of certain core concepts, as the entire trading process depends on them.

Trend vs Sideways Market

First of all, it is essential to understand how the market is moving.

Market Type	Meaning	Strategy Approach
Trending Market	Continuous movement in one direction	Option buying is a good strategy.
Sideways Market	up and down without direction	It is better to avoid trading.

Role of Time Decay (Theta)

Weekly options have a very short time horizon; therefore, time decay (Theta) becomes the most significant factor.

As the expiration date approaches, the premium naturally declines.
Even if the market remains stable, the option’s price can still fall.

Importance of Volatility (IV)

Volatility indicates how rapidly the market can move.

Volatility Level	Impact
High Volatility	Premium grows rapidly.
Low Volatility	Premium remains slow.

When volatility is high, option premiums rise rapidly, but they can also fall just as quickly.

Why Direction Alone is Not Enough

Many beginners assume that if they correctly predict the market’s direction, they will make a profit; however, this is not the case with weekly options.

Factor	Why Important
Direction	It gives an indication of the movement.
Time	Losses can occur due to poor timing.
Volatility	Changes the Premium

Best Time to Trade Weekly Options

Time Slot	Market Behavior	What to Do
Market Open (9:15 – 10:00)	Very rapid movement and frequent false breakouts.	Beginners should avoid this.
Mid Session (10:00 – 1:30)	The direction of the market starts becoming clear.	The Best Time for Trading
Last Hours (1:30 – 3:30)	The premium erodes rapidly, and movements are unpredictable.	Trade only if you have experience.

Nifty Weekly Options Trading Strategy

When selecting a strategy for Nifty weekly options, the most crucial factors are simplicity and risk control. Beginners should avoid complex setups and utilize only those strategies that are practical and clearly understood. Furthermore, since every strategy carries inherent risk, it is essential to maintain a balanced approach.

1. Breakout Strategy (Simple & Effective)

This is the most common and workable strategy for beginners.

How it works:

Mark the high and low points of the first 15 minutes.
Enter only when a breakout or breakdown occurs.

Condition	Action
Breakout above the high	Call (CE) Buy
Breakdown below the low	Put (PE) Buy

Risk:

A false breakout can often occur.
Entering a trade without confirmation may result in a loss.

Therefore, always wait for a clear candle breakout.

2. VWAP + Trend Confirmation Strategy

This strategy is used to enhance accuracy.

How to Use:

Apply the VWAP indicator.
Take trades only in the direction relative to which the price is positioned with respect to the VWAP.

Condition	Action
Price above VWAP	Call (CE) Buy
The price is below VWAP.	Put (PE) Buy

Risk :

VWAP signals do not work in a sideways market.
There is a risk of making a late entry.

3. Support & Resistance Strategy

This strategy is considered somewhat safer, but it requires patience.

How it works :

Identify strong support and resistance levels.
Wait for the price reaction at the level.

Level	Action
Bounce from support	Call (CE) Buy
Rejection stemming from resistance	Put (PE) Buy

Risk :

A significant loss may occur if the level breaks.
Entering too early could result in getting trapped.

4. Trend Following Strategy

This strategy is simple and minimizes overtrading.

How to Use :

First, identify the overall trend.
Enter on a small pullback in the same direction.

Trend	Action
Uptrend	Call (CE) Buy
Rejection stemming from resistance	Put (PE) Buy

Risk :

Losses may occur if the trend reverses.
A late entry may result in lower rewards.

5. Expiry Day Strategy

Movement is rapid on expiry days, but the associated risk is also at its highest.

How to Approach :

Execute trades only when there is a clear trend.
Set small targets and aim for a quick exit.

Condition	Action
Strong trend	Momentum trade
Sideways	Avoid

Risk :

Premiums can fall rapidly.
Sudden reversals are common.

Stop Loss, Target & Risk-Reward

This section is the most crucial part of Nifty Weekly Options, as it determines whether or not you will be able to sustain yourself in the long run. Controlling risk is even more important than making the right entry.

Basic Rule Structure

Parameter	Practical Rule
Stop Loss	Keep it small and fixed (based on premium or points).
Target	Always keep it larger than the stop loss.
Risk:Reward	It should be at least 1:2.

How to Set a Stop Loss?

Decide on a stop loss in advance for every trade.
Based on the premium, a stop loss of 15–20 points is practical for beginners.
Exit immediately if the stop loss is hit; do not hold the position.

Trading weekly options without a stop loss is high-risk.

How to Set a Target?

Always set a realistic target.
If your Stop Loss (SL) is 20 points, set your target at a minimum of 40 points.
You may also opt for partial profit booking as soon as you see a profit.

It is essential to avoid greed; otherwise, your profit could turn into a loss.

Why is Risk-Reward important?

Situation	Result
1:1 Risk-Reward	Profit is difficult in the long run.
1:2 Risk-Reward	Covering losses is easy.
1:3 Risk-Reward	Profit is possible even with fewer trades.

Option Selection (Important for Beginners)

Selecting the right option in Nifty Weekly Options is crucial, as an incorrect choice can prevent you from generating a profit even if your directional prediction turns out to be correct. For beginners, it is best to adopt a simple and clear approach.

Type	Use
ATM (At-The-Money)	Ideal for beginners balancing risk and movement.
ITM (In-The-Money)	It’s a bit safer, but the premium is higher.
OTM (Out-of-The-Money)	It is inexpensive, but the risk is very high.

Why is an ATM Option a better choice?

Price movement remains clear and stable.
Liquidity is good (making entry and exit easy).
It is neither too expensive nor overly risky.

This is the most practical choice for beginners.

When should you consider an ITM Option?

When a strong trend is visible in the market.
When you wish to keep the risk relatively low.

However, due to the higher premium, it requires a larger capital outlay.

Why should you avoid OTM Options?

Beginners are often attracted to them because they are inexpensive.
However, the premium on these options can quickly plummet toward zero.
Even if the market moves in the right direction, the potential profit remains limited.

These are significantly riskier, especially for beginners.

Read Also: Top Algorithmic Trading Strategies

Common Mistakes Beginners Should Avoid

Trading Without a Clear Plan : Taking a trade without a strategy is the most common mistake. This leaves both entry and exit points unclear, resulting in random decision-making. The correct approach is to define the setup, entry point, and stop loss before executing every trade.
Ignoring Stop Loss : Ignoring a stop loss leads directly to significant financial losses. In weekly options, premiums decay rapidly; consequently, trading without a stop loss becomes extremely risky. It is essential to always maintain a predefined stop loss.
Overtrading : The habit of taking a trade on every minor market fluctuation exacerbates losses. Excessive trading compromises both focus and discipline. It is far better to limit yourself to taking only a few high-quality trades per day.
Buying Cheap Options (OTM) : Cheap options can be tempting, but they carry an exceptionally high level of risk. Often, the premium plummets rapidly, approaching zero. For beginners, adopting this approach can prove to be financially detrimental.
Emotional Trading : Attempting to recover losses too quickly or succumbing to greed when in profit inevitably leads to poor decision-making. Trading should always be conducted in strict adherence to established rules and discipline, rather than being driven by emotions.

Conclusion

While Nifty Weekly Options certainly appear to offer an opportunity to make quick money, it is difficult to sustain oneself in this arena without proper understanding. If you adhere to a simple trading setup, wait for the right timing, and maintain risk control in every trade, you can gradually achieve consistency. In the beginning, rather than chasing high profits, controlling losses is far more important for this is where true improvement begins. Stay ahead with real-time market insights & latest news. Download Pocketful – Zero brokerage on delivery, no AMC, and a seamless, easy-to-use platform.

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4	What is Crude Oil Trading and How Does it Work?
5	What Is Day Trading and How to Start With It?
6	What are Option Greeks?
7	What is Spread Trading?
8	What is Implied Volatility in Options Trading
9	Call and Put Options: Meaning, Types, Difference & Examples
10	Options Trading Strategies

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the best Nifty weekly options strategy for beginners?
For beginners, a simple breakout strategy is considered the most suitable choice, as it is easy to understand and provides a clear setup.
Can beginners make a profit in weekly options trading?
Yes, but only if a proper strategy, discipline, and risk management are strictly followed. Without a plan, profits are unsustainable.
How much capital is required for Nifty weekly options trading?
One can start with as little as ₹10,000–₹20,000; however, maintaining strict risk control is far more important.
Which option type is best for beginners?
ATM (At-The-Money) options are the best choice for beginners, as they offer a balanced risk profile.
Is weekly options trading risky?
Yes, it carries a higher level of risk because option premiums fluctuate rapidly. Therefore, using a stop-loss is essential.

March 26, 2026

Pre-Open Market Session in India: Timings, Meaning & How It Works

If you regularly track the stock market in India, you might have noticed something interesting. Sometimes when you open your trading app at 9:05 AM, you can already see stock prices moving, even though the market officially opens at 9:15 AM. So what happens during the 10-15 minutes before the market opens?

That short window is called the pre-open market session. It plays an important role in deciding the opening price of stocks for the day.

In today’s blog, we will break down this important mechanism used by the stock exchanges, NSE and BSE.

What is a Pre-Open Market Session?

This session is a 15-minute period before the regular trading session, during which investors can place buy and sell orders.
In India, this session is usually from 9:00 AM to 9:15 AM. After that, the normal trading session starts at 9:15 AM and continues until 3:30 PM.
During this time, traders can place, modify, or cancel orders, but trades are not executed immediately.

Need of Pre-open Session?

The pre-open session was introduced in the Indian stock market in 2010. The main goal was to make the market opening less volatile and more organised.

Why did that happen?

Because overnight news often changes investor sentiment. For example:

A company may announce strong earnings after market hours
Global markets might rally overnight
Government policies or economic data may be released

When the market opened the next morning, everyone rushed to buy or sell at the same time. This created sharp and chaotic price movements.

The pre-open session helps absorb all this information before the market officially starts trading.

Objectives of Pre-Open Sessions

Reduce volatility: Overnight developments can significantly affect stock prices. The pre-open session allows the market to adjust to new information gradually, and instead of sharp swings at the time of the opening bell, prices settle down.
Improve Market Efficiency: By collecting orders beforehand, exchanges can match demand and supply efficiently. This leads to a more stable start to the trading day.
Fair Price Discovery: The opening price of a stock is not based on the first trade anymore. It is calculated using multiple buy and sell orders placed by different investors.

This helps in updating a more balanced opening price.

Read Also: Stock Market Timings in India

Pre-Open Market Session Timings

Phase	Time
Order Entry	From 9:00 AM to 9:08 AM
Order Matching	From 9:08 AM to 9:12 AM
Buffer Period	From 9:12 AM to 9:15 AM

How Pre-Open Session Works

The pre-open session is divided into 2 phases:

1. Order Collection

This period lasts 8 minutes and is the most active part of the pre-open session.
During this time, investors can place buy and sell orders, modify existing orders or cancel orders.
The exchange simply collects all these orders and calculates an Indicative Equilibrium Price, which is the potential opening price based on the orders currently in the system.

2. Order Matching

This period starts immediately after the order collection period, and orders are matched at a single price that will eventually become the open price.
A pre-decided sequence is followed to match the orders, wherein limit orders are matched with limit orders. Leftover limit orders are then matched with market orders, and finally, market orders are matched with market orders.

What is Equilibrium Price?

The equilibrium price is the price at which the maximum volume is executable.
Now, suppose NSE gets bids for a specific stock, ABC, at different prices between 9:00 AM and 9:15 AM.
Depending on the demand and supply, the exchange will decide the equilibrium price.
Furthermore, when no equilibrium price is discovered in the pre-open session, all the market orders are shifted to the close price of the previous day, which becomes the open price.

Determination of Equilibrium Price

Instead of executing trades instantly, the exchange first collects all buy and sell orders and then calculates the best possible price where most trades can happen.

Let us see how it works,

To decide the equilibrium price, the exchange looks for a price to fulfill 3 conditions,

The maximum number of shares can be traded
Minimum difference between buy orders and sell orders
If multiple prices satisfy the above, the price closest to the previous closing price is chosen.

Suppose a stock closed yesterday at ₹100 and during the pre-open market session, traders placed the orders given below

Buy Orders (Demand)
Price	Quantity Buyers Want
₹105	1,000
₹104	2,000
₹103	3,000
₹102	4,000
Sell Orders (Supply)
Price	Quantity Sellers Want
₹102	1,500
₹103	2,000
₹104	3,000
₹105	2,500

Now the exchange will follow the given steps.

Step 1: Check trades possible at each price

If the price is ₹105, only buyers willing to pay ₹105 will buy, and buyers who are available at this price are 1,000.

On the other hand, sellers willing to sell at ₹105 or lower are 9,000. (₹1,500 + 2,000 + 3,000 + 2,500).

So the actual trades possible are of 1000 shares only.

What if the price is ₹104 or more?

In this scenario,

Buyers willing to pay ₹104 or more are 3,000, and sellers willing to sell at ₹104 or lower are 6,500. (₹ 1,500 + 2,000 + 3,000).

So the actual trades possible are of 3000 shares only.

In a similar manner, the exchange will check for other prices also.

Step 2: Choose the price with the maximum trades

Price	Possible Trades
₹105	1,000
₹104	3,000
₹103	3,500
₹102	1,500

After checking the number of trades possible at each price, the exchange will finally choose the price at which the maximum shares are traded.

In the example above, the maximum shares are traded at ₹103. So the equilibrium price will be ₹103, which will become the opening price at 9:15 AM.

A simple Analogy to understand the above example:

In a fruit market where buyers and sellers are negotiating the price of apples. The market will decide a price at which most apples can be bought and sold.

Who Can Trade in the Pre-Open Session?

Anyone with a trading account can participate, including:

Retail investors
Institutional investors
Mutual funds
Algorithmic traders

Conclusion

The pre-open market session might last only 15 minutes, but it plays an important role in how the stock market functions. The exchange ensures that the opening price reflects real demand and supply rather than the actions of a few early traders through the collection of buy and sell orders before trading begins.

But understanding how it works can help you interpret the opening price and other overnight developments. For more market news and insights, download Pocketful – offering users zero brokerage on delivery trades and an easy to use platform designed for both beginners and experienced investors.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can investors trade during the pre-open market session?
Investors can place, modify or cancel orders during the order entry period, but actual trades happen only after the opening price is decided.
What is the call auction mechanism in the pre-open session?
It is a system where orders are collected first and executed later at a single price, instead of continuous trading.
What happens to unmatched orders in the pre-open session?
Unmatched orders carry forward to the regular trading session starting at 9:15 AM, depending on the order type.
Is the pre-open session applicable to all stocks?
The pre-open session generally applies to all equity stocks in the cash market segment on NSE and BSE.
What is NEAT+ Terminal used in the pre-market session?
This terminal is the trading system provided by the NSE. Brokers and trading members use to place and manage orders on the exchange. This terminal acts as an interface through which orders are sent to the exchange. NEAT stands for National Exchange for Automated Trading.

March 25, 2026

What Is Demerger in the Share Market?

Have you ever wondered how massive companies manage so many different businesses at once? Sometimes, they decide it is better to split things up to grow faster. This brings us to a very common question, what is demerger? In simple terms a demerger happens when a large parent company separates one of its business units into a brand new, independent company.

For you to understand the demerger meaning, imagine a large family business splitting so siblings can focus on their own strengths and help in growing the business. The meaning of demerger is essentially the exact opposite of a merger. It is breaking apart instead of joining together. For Indian readers looking for the demerger meaning in hindi, think of it as a corporate division or “vibhajana”. Let us explore why companies do this and what it means for your money.

What Is a Stock Demerger?

A stock demerger is a corporate restructuring process where a parent company or the main entity transfers a business division into a separate entity. The original company keeps running as usual. Meanwhile, the new company starts its own independent journey with its own team and money.

The main goal here is very simple to unlock the value for you, the shareholder. Often, when a company is diversified in doing too many things, the stock market does not value it accordingly but by dividing a fast growing business, the stock market values these businesses fairly. If you are a shareholder in the parent company you usually get the shares of a newly formed entity free of cost, this keeps investors ownership safe.

Types of Stock Demergers

Demerger in the companies take place differently which is based on their requirements. Following are the main types of demergers that are actively seen in the market:

Spin-Off: It is one of the prominent demerger in the market, in this the parent company creates a new subsidiary and the existing investors are awarded with free shares of the new subsidiary.
Split-Off: In this the investors get a choice where they can swap some of their holding from the parent company with the shares of the newly formed entity.
Equity Carve-Out: Here the main company sells a small part of the newly formed entity to the general public via IPO but the main control still remains with the parent company.
Divestiture: This is simply an outright sale where the company sells a part of its business for cash, and shareholders do not have possession of the new shares.

Reasons Why Companies Undertake Stock Demergers

Better Focus: Splitting helps in diversifying the role and dividing it into different teams for a better output. For example, Tata Motors separated its commercial vehicles segment from its passenger cars to have better focus on each of the segments individually.
Unlocking Hidden Value: A manufacturing business that has transformed itself with high growth due to new tech business addition might not get a good share price in the market. Splitting them, separating tech and manufacturing will help both businesses to have the right value in the market.
Smarter Money Use: In one entity different departments have to grow and fight using the same budget, but once splitted each company can now raise and use the money as per the companies needs.
Attracting the Right Investors: Some investors look for companies with safe dividends while others look for fast growing companies. A demerger creates focused companies that attract the right investors.

Read Also: What Is CFD Trading?

Legal Framework of Stock Demergers

Splitting a huge company takes time and strict rules to protect everyday investors like you and me.

In India, the Companies Act of 2013 (specifically Sections 230 to 232) tells us the whole procedure of these demergers. The parent companies shall take their plan and get it approved by a legal body called the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT). Also these companies are required to have a green signal from SEBI (regulatory authority) and the stock exchanges.

In stock demergers if the split has been done using Section 2(19AA) of the Income tax act then it is considered as tax neutral. This means investors are not taxed immediately on the capital gains received from the new shares put in thier demat account.

In countries like the US, the SEC (securities and exchange commission) keeps a close watch and as per rules both companies should be active to stay tax free. The UK follows the Companies Act 2006 to ensure smooth transitions that protect shareholders.

How Demerger Works

Here are the steps that are followed for companies to demerger and usually it is a time taking procedure which takes months to get completed.

Board Approval: The company’s board of directors need to give a green signal to the demerger plan.
Shareholder Approval: You and other investors vote on the company’s decision to split.
Regulatory Approval: Authorities like NCLT and SEBI check everything to ensure it is fair.
Transfer: Assets, debts, and staff are officially moved to the new company.
Share Allotment: You get new shares automatically based on the ratio, without paying any extra amount.
Listing: The new company hits the stock market, and you can buy or sell its shares freely.

Demerger vs Merger vs Spin-off vs Divestiture

Feature	Demerger	Merger	Spin-off	Divestiture
Meaning	A company splits into multiple entities	Two companies combine to form one large entity	A specific demerger creating a new subsidiary	A company sells a part of it to someone else
What Investors get	Investors automatically get shares of the new entity	Shares of the newly combined company are awarded	Shares are given as a special free dividend	Investors receive nothing directly, the company gets cash for its sale.
Main Goal	To focus better and unblock hidden value	To grow bigger and capture more market share	To separate a business while rewarding investors	To get rid of extra parts or raise quick cash

Impact of Demerger on Shareholders

Free New Shares: Investors get new company’s shares free of coast that are directly credited to their demat account.
More Value: Over time, the combined price of main companies shares and newly formed entities shares might grow higher than the original single stock.
Your Choice: Investors have the choice to keep or sell shares of these companies and by using a platform like Pocketful, you can easily track these new shares, analyze your portfolio, and make fast decisions.
Tax Benefits: In India, getting these shares will not levy immediate taxes and investors only have to pay capital gains tax while selling them.
Dividend Changes: Both the companies will have separate dividend payouts. One might pay you cash regularly, while the other reinvests it to grow.

Whenever a company announces a split, the stock prices tend to move up as the market and people are excited about the hidden value. But as the split takes place and new shares are distributed, the parent company’s stock price naturally falls.

This fall takes place as the company is divided and a part is taken out. Big mutual funds even sell their new shares for a temporary period to push the price down a little bit. But these newly divided companies usually show good performance in the long run and even create great wealth for investors.

Key Investor Takeaways

Investors shall always try to protect and focus on their wealth growth when they come to know about these corporate splits.

You should know that these demergers are done to create new independent entities so that the focus can be narrowed down to independently grow these companies and focus on core operations to unlock their massive growth over time. As a shareholder, you usually receive shares in the newly formed company without any extra cost, allowing you to maintain your ownership stakes across the entire business empire.

Investors shall always be ready for small turbulence in their portfolio, as after the demerger stock prices show high volatility during announcement and even after the process is completed and new shares are there in the market. But investors shall not panic in these times as in the long term demergers give out good benefits and wealth creation, but patience is required as these things take time.

But investors can rely on this process as it is closely watched and passed by strict regulatory approvals and compliance rules in India ensuring that the entire process is fair and protects the interest of the investors.

Read Also: What is a Basis Point (BPS)?

Conclusion

A stock demerger is just a smart way where a big company divides into parts for better focus and increased value. Although the legal steps take time, it turns out to be a positive for the company and the investors. And investors like you can have shares of two growing companies of the same value.

For more market news and insights, download Pocketful offering users zero brokerage on delivery trades and an easy to use platform designed for both beginners and experienced investors.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

New credited shares require additional money after the demerger?
The new shares are credited to your demat account automatically based on the actual amount of shares that you own and these are free of cost.
Is a stock demerger a taxable event in India?
Getting the new shares is tax free in India and the tax is levied when investors sell off these shares.
Why does the parent stock price drop after a demerger happens?
The price drop is due to the division as part of the company’s business is carved out and a new entity is formed out of it.
What happens if my share ratio calculation results in a fraction?
In this situation the company sells off these fractions and investors get the money in return as fractional shares cannot be distributed.
How long does the entire demerger process take to complete?
It usually takes several months to complete. The company has to get a lot of legal approvals from SEBI, the NCLT, and its shareholders first.

March 25, 2026

Blog

What Are International ETFs?

How do International ETFs work?

How to Invest in International ETFs

Types of International ETFs

1. Global ETFs

2. Developed Markets ETFs

3. Emerging Markets

4. Country-Specific ETFs

Advantages of International ETFs

Disadvantages of International ETFs

Ways to Invest in International ETFs

Taxation of International ETFs

Guideline

List of International ETFs in India

Conclusion

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can I invest in international ETFs from India?

Are international ETFs risky?

What is currency risk?

Should beginners invest in international ETFs?

Do I need a separate international account?

What is MTF Trading?

Features of MTF Trading

Advantages of MTF Trading

Risks of MTF Trading

Understanding MTF Interest

How MTF Works: Step-by-Step

1. Choose an MTF-Eligible Stock

2. Place an MTF Order

3. Pay the Required Margin

4. Broker Funds the Remaining Amount

5. Interest is Charged Daily

6. Maintain Margin Requirements

7. Exit the Position

MTF Example in India

Who Should Use MTF Trading?

Conclusion

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is MTF trading in simple terms?

How does MTF interest work?

What is the lowest MTF interest rate available?

Can I hold MTF positions for the long term?

What happens if I do not maintain margin in MTF?

What is Gold Trading on MCX?

What is the MCX?

How is Gold Trading conducted?

Types of Gold Contracts on MCX

How is profit calculated in Gold MCX trading?

How to Trade Gold in India

Step 1: Open a Trading Account on Pocketful

Step 3: Add Funds to Your Account

Step 4: Select a Gold Contract

Step 5: Analyze the Market

Step 6: Place Your Order

Step 7: Set a Stop Loss and Target

Key Factors That Affect Gold Prices

Intraday vs Positional Gold Trading

Advantages of Gold Trading on MCX

Risks in Gold Trading on MCX

Conclusion

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How to trade gold in India?

Is gold trading safe for beginners?

What is MCX gold trading?

Can I trade gold intraday?

Which gold contract is best for beginners?

What Are Unlisted Companies?

India’s Top 10 Unlisted Companies by Revenue

Overview of the Unlisted Companies in India is given below:

1. Reliance Retail

2. Flipkart

3. Malabar Gold & Diamonds

4. Tata Electronics

5. Tata Digital

6. Adani Properties

7. OfBusiness

8. Tata Passenger Electric Mobility

9. SBI General Insurance

10. Haldiram Snacks Food